ORIGINAL RESEARCH article
Front. Glob. Women’s Health
Sec. Infectious Diseases in Women
Global burden and trends of Pelvic inflammatory disease associated with sexually transmitted infection excluding HIV from 1990 to 2021
Provisionally accepted
- 1The Reproductive Hospital of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Nanning, China
- 2Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
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Background: Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) is mainly induced by the sexually transmitted infection (STI). However, the global burden and trends of STI excluding human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-associated PID (non-HIV PID) has not been specifically assessed. Methods: The prevalence and years lived with disability (YLDs) were collected from the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) 2021 database. The disease burden was evaluated with the case numbers, age-standardized rates (ASR) and estimated annual percentage changes (EAPC). According to the SocioDemographic Index (SDI), frontier and health inequality analysis were conducted. Autoregressive Integrated Moving Average (ARIMA) model was applied to predict the future trends of Non-HIV PID. Results: The age-standardized prevalence rates (ASPR) and YLDs of non-HIV PID was 27.02/100,000 and 3.68/100,000 in globally. Except for the decline of gonococcal-associated PID, the EAPC of chlamydial and other non-HIV PID were stable. The countries with fastest-growing prevalence were Brazil (4.19 [2.92, 5.47]), Spain (3.98 [3.19, 4.77]), Greece (3.05 [2.55, 3.55]), Portugal (2.76 [2.22, 3.29]), which suggested the increased burden of non-HIV PID in these years. Moreover, the non-HIV PID was mainly concentrated in 30-34 years, which was most common in the low and low-middle SDI. Additionally, prevention of non-HIV PID should also be concerned in the high SDI regions, especially for United Kingdom, Canada, Japan, and Singapore, which would also increase in the next 30 years. Conclusion: The burden and prevention of non-HIV PID were still arduous and required a long-term effort, especially for the 30-34 years, which need more attentions even for the developed countries.
Keywords: Pelvic Inflammatory Disease, GBD database, Non-HIV, EAPC, SDI
Received: 15 Jul 2025; Accepted: 19 Nov 2025.
Copyright: © 2025 Li, Li, Li, Mo, Jinling and Chen. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) or licensor are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.
* Correspondence: Yang Chen, chenyang91316@126.com
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