Proceedings of the 13th Annual Deep Brain Stimulation Think Tank: The Evolving Landscape

Chance R. Fleeting^1,2*Eduardo M. Moraud^3,4Kamil Uğurbil⁵Doris D Wang⁶Wolf-Julian Neumann^7,8Andrea A Kühn^7,8Valerie Voon^10,9Victor Pikov¹¹Marie-Laure Welter¹²Michael D. Fox¹³John D Rolston¹⁴Mahsa Malekmohammadi^15,16Yagna Pathak¹⁷Lyndahl Himes¹⁷David Greene¹⁸Abbey Becker¹⁹Gabriel Lázaro-Muño^20,21Alexander W. Charney²²Amanda R. Merner^20,23Martijn Figee^24,25,26,27Katherine Wilson Scangos^28,29Timothy Denison^30,31Kent Leyde³²Aysegul Gunduz^1,2Helen M Bronte-Stewart^33,34James C. Beck³⁵Nora V. Arroyave³⁶Marta San Luciano³⁷Norbert Brüggemann^38,39Kelly Douglas Foote^1,40Michael S Okun^1,41Joshua K. Wong^1,41

• ¹University of Florida Norman Fixel Institute for Neurological Diseases, Gainesville, United States
• ²University of Florida J Crayton Pruitt Family Department of Biomedical Engineering, Gainesville, United States
• ³Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University Hospital Lausanne (CHUV), Lausanne, Switzerland
• ⁴Defitech Center for Interventional Neurotherapies (NeuroRestore), University Hospital Lausanne and EPFL, Lausanne, Switzerland
• ⁵University of Minnesota Twin Cities Center for Magnetic Resonance Research, Minneapolis, United States
• ⁶Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, United States
• ⁷Charite - Universitatsmedizin Berlin Klinik fur Neurologie mit Experimenteller Neurologie, Berlin, Germany
• ⁸Charite - Universitatsmedizin Berlin Einstein Zentrum fur Neurowissenschaften Berlin, Berlin, Germany
• ⁹Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
• ¹⁰Fudan University Institute of Science and Technology for Brain-inspired Intelligence, Shanghai, China
• ¹¹Medipace Inc, Pasadena, United States
• ¹²Paris Brain Institute, CNRS UMR 7225, INSERM 1127, Sorbonne University, Paris, France
• ¹³Departments of Neurology, Psychiatry, and Radiology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, United States
• ¹⁴Department of Neurosurgery, Mass General Brigham, Harvard Medical School, Boston, United States
• ¹⁵Department of Neurosurgery, University of California, Los Angeles, United States
• ¹⁶Boston Scientific Neuromodulation, Valencia, United States
• ¹⁷Abbott Neuromodulation, Plano, United States
• ¹⁸NeuroPace Inc, Mountain View, United States
• ¹⁹Restorative Therapies Group Implantables, Research, and Core Technology, Medtronic Inc, Minneapolis, United States
• ²⁰Harvard Medical School Center for Bioethics, Boston, United States
• ²¹Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, United States
• ²²The Windreich Department of Artificial Intelligence and Human Health, Mount Sinai Medical Center, New York, United States
• ²³Cleveland Clinic Center for Neurological Restoration, Cleveland, United States
• ²⁴Nash Family Center for Advanced Circuit Therapeutics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, United States
• ²⁵Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai Department of Psychiatry, New York, United States
• ²⁶Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, United States
• ²⁷Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai Department of Neurosurgery, New York, United States
• ²⁸University of Pennsylvania Department of Neurosurgery, Philadelphia, United States
• ²⁹University of Pennsylvania Department of Psychiatry, Philadelphia, United States
• ³⁰Medical Research Council Brain Network Dynamics Unit, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
• ³¹Department of Engineering Science, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
• ³²Cadence Neuroscience, Redmond, United States
• ³³Stanford University Stanford University Department of Neurology & Neurological Sciences, Stanford, United States
• ³⁴Stanford University Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford, United States
• ³⁵Parkinson's Foundation Inc, New York, United States
• ³⁶Department of Neurology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, United States
• ³⁷Department of Neurology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, United States
• ³⁸Universitat zu Lubeck Institut fur Neurogenetik, Lübeck, Germany
• ³⁹Universitatsklinikum Schleswig-Holstein Campus Lubeck Klinik fur Neurologie, Lübeck, Germany
• ⁴⁰University of Florida Lillian S. Wells Department of Neurosurgery, Gainesville, United States
• ⁴¹University of Florida Department of Neurology, Gainesville, United States

The Deep Brain Stimulation (DBS) Think Tank XIII was held September 2-4th, 2025, in Gainesville, Florida, at the Norman Fixel Institute for Neurological Diseases at the University of Florida. The theme was "The Evolving Landscape of DBS: New Indications, New Goals." This theme was a continuation of the DBS Think Tank XI and XII, which were focused on emerging technology and pushing the horizon of indications. Since its founding in 2012, the DBS Think Tank has provided a global forum for leading clinicians, engineers, and researchers in both in industry and academia to present, discuss, and debate the current state of DBS technologies as well as to consider important logistics and ethical challenges. Over the course of three days, members of each panel presented and facilitated discussions on the cutting edge of DBS research. The keynote speaker was Dr. Kamil Uğurbil of the University of Minnesota, who led the first group of researchers to demonstrate the feasibility of imaging the human brain using fMRI technology and who was a pioneer in the development of high-field human MRI scanning. Nobel laureate Dr. Stanley Prusiner, from the University of California, San Francisco, used the story of the discovery of prions to demonstrate the power of pursuing a finding even when the idea conflicted with the prevailing state of the field. The think tank was divided into sections, including: Next Generation Neuromodulation for Gait, Brain Networks and Neuromodulation, Neuroscience & Society, Interventional Psychiatry & Behavior, Devices for Closing the Loop, Physiology & Closing the Loop, and A Roadmap for Genetics & Neuromodulation.