Abstract
Mutations in the fibroblast growth factor-receptor gene 2 (FGFR2) gene have been implicated in numerous diseases, including nevus comedonicus (NC) and naevoid acne that have somatic missense mutations in FGFR2 in the affected tissue. A patient presented in our department with unusual, innumerable large comedones throughout his back reminiscient of NC, as well as multifocal hidradenitis suppurativa and acne. Topical and systemic treatments were unsuccessful. Whole exome sequencing of blood-derived DNA detected a germline mutation in FGFR2 that was predicted to be damaging. This could explain the multifocal and severe nature of the disease. We suggest screening other, phenotypically similar patients for FGFR2 mutations. Our findings, once confirmed independently, could indicate that therapeutic modulation of FGFR signaling in the acne tetrad could be effective.
Hidradenitis suppurativa (HS) is an inflammatory skin disease that affects roughly 1% of Europeans. It is characterized by painful abscesses, boils, cysts, and malodorous, pus-filled lesions in intertriginous regions (, ). It can follow autosomal dominant inheritance in some families, and mutations have been reported () in the gamma-secretase genes Presenilin-1 (PSEN1), Presenilin Enhancer-2 (PSENEN), and Nicastrin (NCSTN) in a minority (<7%) of cases. The remaining cohort are presumed to be sporadic or driven by other, as yet unidentified mutations. Nevus comedonicus (NC) is a rare (prevalence 1:45,000–1:100,000) epidermal nevus comprising of a group of dilated hair follicle openings filled with plugs of brownish-black oxidized keratin (). It is usually localized on the head and neck and was initially described as “localized acne” (). If it occurs as a part of the nevus comedonicus syndrome (NCS) (), it can be generalized and form linear streaks. HS-like lesions have been observed in NCS (). In some cases of NC, a somatic mutation in fibroblast growth factor-receptor gene 2 (FGFR2) has been identified, namely the Ser252Trp missense mutation (). FGFR2 is expressed in keratinocytes, hair follicles, and sebaceous glands and has been implicated to induce hypercornification and comedogenesis (). Germline FGFR2 mutations are also associated with acne, as seen in dominant Apert syndrome () (also comprising craniosynostosis, epiphyseal closure, and syndactyly) (, ). When occurring as a mosaic, the acne lesions follow Blaschko’s lines (), the pattern of embryological cell development and proliferation. In a recent case, a postzygotic mosaicism was found in exon 4 of FGFR2 (c.758C>G, p.Pro253Arg) in low copy number. A similar mosaicism was also found in two other patients in p.Ser252Trp of exon 4 ().
A 49-year-old male construction worker presented with a 29-year history of multiple abscesses in his buttock, inguinal, and axillary regions (Figure 1) and a history of severe post-pubertal acne conglobate. His back was studded with innumerable large comedones not unlike those seen in NC, however rather more spread out (Figure 1A), and with significant scarring. His condition had proved resistant to treatment with topical and systemic antibiotics, dapsone, retinoids, including acitretin and isotretinoin, zinc supplements and PUVA. Treatment with infliximab did have an effect on the inflammatory components; however, it was minimal and ultimately unsuccessful. Surgical interventions included excision of the left axilla and shoulder region and a transposition flap and excision of a pilonidal sinus.
Figure 1
The patient is an orphan. It is known that several other people in his family including his father and brother had suffered from the same condition with different intensities; however, there is no contact between the patient and family. Requests to collect samples from family members were denied by the patient. Suspecting a potential genetic origin (), we therefore performed whole exome sequencing on blood-derived DNA. A search for rare, deleterious mutations revealed that there was no such mutation present in any of the known HS-associated genes. However, a rare missense mutation in the FGFR2 gene was found in exon 5 (c.G492C, p.K164N, see Table 1). This mutation is predicted () to have pathological consequence on the protein by several prediction algorithms, namely SIFT (“deleterious,” lowest score 0), PolyPhen (“probably damaging,” highest score 1), LoFtool (“probably damaging,” 0.00179), Condel (“deleterious,” 1.00), CADD (17.05), and SNPs&Go (73% probability). MutPred resulted in 63% probability for “damaging,” and predicted () molecular features of the mutation are loss of methylation at K164 (P = 0.0069), loss of ubiquitination at K164 (P = 0.0081), loss of solvent accessibility (P = 0.0371), and loss of MoRF binding (not significant, P = 0.0575) as well as gain of sheet (not significant, P = 0.1451).
Table 1
| Chr | Pos | Ref | Alt | Exon | Mutation | MAF in 1KG, EVS, ExAC |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 10 | 123310936 | C | G | exon5 | c.G492C, p.K164N | 0.00 |
| SIFT | PolyPhen | Condel | LoFtool | SNPs&Go | MutPred | CADD |
| deleterious | probably_damaging | deleterious (1.0) | probably damaging (0.00179) | Disease (0.73) | Disease (0.626) | 17.1 |
Fibroblast growth factor-receptor gene 2 (FGFR2) mutation identified in the patient.
Discussion
In a patient with clinical features reminiscent of NCS, we found a new, rare heterozygous missense mutation in FGFR2, the gene for the keratinocyte growth factor (KGF) receptor. FGFR2, also known as CD332, was cloned in 1990 () and soon found to be the receptor for KGF. It has an extracellular part constructed of three immunoglobulin domains, a lipophilic transmembrane part, and a tyrosine kinase that extends in the cytoplasm. Fibroblast growth factors (FGF) can bind the extracellular domain and thus activate the tyrosine kinase. This leads to cell division and differentiation. The isoform found in ectodermal tissues such as the skin is the FGFR2IIIb, also known as the KGF receptor. It binds FGF-7 and 10, also known as KGF 1 and 2, as well as FGF-1, -3, -22. Keratinocyte growth factors are potent mitogens for many epithelial cell types but lack detectable activity on fibroblasts or endothelial cells.
Germline mutations in FGFR2 underlie various craniosynostosis syndromes (Table 2), and somatic mutations in the same gene have been reported in NC () and nevoid acne (). We report a germline mutation in FGFR2 that may contribute to explaining a generalized, rather than mosaic, NC-like, acneiform phenotype with additional features of HS. As documented above, the disease proved highly treatment resistant, which is a common feature in NC. FGFR inhibitors, which may directly address the genetically driven pathogenesis, exist but have not been reported in this context.
Table 2
| Location | Phenotype | Phenotype MIM number | Inheritance | Phenotype mapping key |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 10q26.13 | Antley–Bixler syndrome without genital anomalies or disordered steroidogenesis | 207410 | AR | 3 |
| 10q26.13 | Apert syndrome | 101200 | AD | 3 |
| 10q26.13 | Beare-Stevenson cutis gyrata syndrome | 123790 | AD | 3 |
| 10q26.13 | Bent bone dysplasia syndrome | 614592 | AD | 3 |
| 10q26.13 | Craniofacial-skeletal-dermatologic dysplasia | 101600 | AD | 3 |
| 10q26.13 | Craniosynostosis, non-specific | 3 | ||
| 10q26.13 | Crouzon syndrome | 123500 | AD | 3 |
| 10q26.13 | Gastric cancer, somatic | 613659 | 3 | |
| 10q26.13 | Jackson–Weiss syndrome | 123150 | AD | 3 |
| 10q26.13 | LADD syndrome | 149730 | AD | 3 |
| 10q26.13 | Pfeiffer syndrome | 101600 | AD | 3 |
| 10q26.13 | Saethre–Chotzen syndrome | 101400 | AD | 3 |
| 10q26.13 | Scaphocephaly and Axenfeld-Rieger anomaly | NA | 3 | |
| 10q26.13 | Scaphocephaly, maxillary retrusion, and mental retardation | 609579 | NA | 3 |
| 10q26.13 | Nevus comedonicus | – | Somatic | none |
Diseases caused by FGFR2 mutations.
As the patient is a foundling, we could not determine the presence of the mutation in the rest of the family and were unable to obtain material for tissue expression studies. All available algorithms unanimously predict impaired protein function as a consequence of this mutation but follow-up studies, identifying further similar cases, are warranted to confirm this genotype–phenotype correlation. HS is a phenotypically heterogeneous condition, and ongoing genetic investigation represents one important way of classifying subtypes and related conditions.
In summary, we have identified a germline mutation in FGFR2 in a patient exhibiting features of generalized comedones and HS. Ongoing screening and functional interrogation of this group has the potential to further characterize the related phenotype and identify novel therapeutic targets.
Written informed consent was obtained from the patient to perform genetic analysis on the blood and to publish the resulting study.
Statements
Ethics statement
The presented findings were achieved in the context of clinical evaluation of this patient. They are presented with the patient’s written permission.
Author contributions
AN supervised the study, participated in data generation and analysis, and wrote the paper. R Higgins generated and analysed data and wrote the paper. R Hunger and NY contributed samples and clinical data.
Funding
AN is funded by Promedica Foundation and Bruno Bloch Foundation. R Higgins is funded by Radiz and Vontobel Stiftung.
Conflict of interest
The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.
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Summary
Keywords
acne, comedones, fibroblast growth factor-receptor gene 2, hidradenitis suppurativa, whole exome sequencing
Citation
Higgins R, Pink A, Hunger R, Yawalkar N and Navarini AA (2017) Generalized Comedones, Acne, and Hidradenitis Suppurativa in a Patient with an FGFR2 Missense Mutation. Front. Med. 4:16. doi: 10.3389/fmed.2017.00016
Received
01 November 2016
Accepted
08 February 2017
Published
28 February 2017
Volume
4 - 2017
Edited by
Robert Gniadecki, University of Alberta, Canada
Reviewed by
Patrick M. Brunner, The Rockefeller University, USA; Gregor Jemec, University of Copenhagen, Denmark; Stefano Piaserico, University of Padova, Italy
Updates
Copyright
© 2017 Higgins, Pink, Hunger, Yawalkar and Navarini.
This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) or licensor are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.
*Correspondence: Alexander A. Navarini, alexander.navarini@usz.ch
†Shared authorship.
Specialty section: This article was submitted to Dermatology, a section of the journal Frontiers in Medicine
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