Abstract
Chronic disseminated candidiasis (CDC) is a severe complication with high morbidity and mortality in patients with hematological malignancies who have undergone chemotherapy. Blood or sterile liver biopsy cultures are negative due to recurrent empirical antifungal therapy. With the escalating resistance to azole-based antifungal drugs in infection by Candida species, pathogen identification is becoming increasingly important for determining definitive diagnosis and treatment strategy. In this case report, we present, for the first time, diagnostic confirmation of a culture-negative CDC case with Candida tropicalis infection using a combination of metagenomics next-generation sequencing and calcofluor white staining.
Introduction
Chronic disseminated candidiasis (CDC; also known as “hepatosplenic candidiasis”) is a unique manifestation of invasive candidiasis. CDC carries significant morbidity and mortality in patients with hematological malignancies who have undergone chemotherapy (–). The previous diagnostic criteria were positive histology plus culture evidence for Candida species from blood or a sterile liver biopsy (, ). The chance of positive findings in blood cultures with an onset of the clinical and radiological picture suggestive of CDC is poor (). The prevalence of a proven diagnosis is quite low due to the difficulty of liver puncture and recurrent use of empirical antifungal prophylaxis after chemotherapy.
Development of metagenomics next-generation sequencing (mNGS) has enabled identification of causative pathogens in infectious diseases () and has been applied for the diagnosis of CDC. We report a culture-negative CDC case with Candida tropicalis (C. tropicalis) infection diagnosed by mNGS and calcofluor white (CFW) staining.
Description of this case study was approved (2020IIT 593) by the Ethics Committee of the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University (Hangzhou, China) and by the patient.
Case Presentation
A 62-year-old woman with acute myeloid leukemia-M2 received remission-induction chemotherapy (day-0). An outline of the following episodes is described in Figure 1. From day-0, recurrent fever occurred (Figure 2). Empirical treatment was undertaken with broad-spectrum antibiotics. The patient experienced neutropenia from day-2 to day-19. Antifungal prophylaxis was not employed until day-18, and yielded a positive result for the (1,3)-β-D-glucan (BDG) test (470 pg/mL). At that time, the results of a series of blood cultures were negative from day-16 to day-18 (Figure 1). Computed tomography (CT) of the abdomen showed multiple low-density lesions in the liver, spleen, and kidneys in day-28.
Figure 1
Figure 2
Caspofungin (CAP) from day-18 to day-28 and voriconazole (VRC) from day-28 to day-38 were used as antifungal therapy after a positive result for the BDG test on day-18 (Figure 1). However, the recurrent fever persisted without remission for the lesions on the liver, spleen, and kidneys even after recovery from neutropenia.
Contrast-enhanced CT of the abdomen showed multiple lesions with hypodensity in the liver, spleen, and kidneys as characterized by marked rim enhancement (Figure 1A). Ultrasound of the abdomen, enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the abdomen, 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose-positron emission tomography/computed tomography, and contrast-enhanced ultrasound confirmed the result of contrast-enhanced CT of the abdomen (Figure 3). While a follow-up BDG test produced a negative result on day-43 and on several subsequent occasions (Figure 1). Expectedly, several cultures of blood and feces on different days failed to grow any pathogen.
Figure 3
On day-54, ultrasound-mediated liver puncture and biopsy was undertaken (Figure 2). A specimen was obtained between the boundary of lesions and normal liver tissues. Histology showed very few epithelioid cells, possibly a tumor, but no evidence of fungal infection. The antifungal agent was changed from VRC to CAP due to suspicion of CDC (Figure 2). However, her condition did not improve significantly, and recurrent fever persisted (Figure 2).
Another liver biopsy was done 1-week later (day-62). The puncture needle passed through the entire lesion to reach its center, and tissues were sampled. Histology revealed granulomatous inflammation with necrosis and no evidence of malignancy (Figures 1B,C). Immunohistochemistry showed positive in TB (FISH) (only one found) but negative in fungal (FISH). The serum T-SPOT®. TB interferon-γ release assay for active tuberculosis was negative. No pathogen was cultured from the two liver-biopsy tissues.
The samples from the second liver puncture were tested using mNGS (Figure 1). The results showed 55 total reads of C. tropicalis, accounting for 98.21% total fungal reads which was sentenced as responsible pathogen in accordance with other clinical evidences. Interestingly, pseudohyphae were found under fluorescence microscopy using CFW staining (Figure 1D) to confirm the mNGS result. After consideration of detection by mNGS and the microscopic appearance, we decided to add the antifungal agent (amphotericin B (AmB), 25 mg per day, i.v.) and adjuvant corticosteroid (dexamethasone (DXM), 7.5 mg per day, i.v.) for further treatment (Figure 2). After adjusting the medication regimen, the body temperature dropped to a normal level (Figure 2).
CAP+AmB+DXM therapy was continued for >6 weeks while patient had a normal temperature but improvement in imaging features (lesions on the liver, spleen, and kidneys) was not observed. On day-96, splenectomy was undertaken after consultation with the multidisciplinary team (Figure 1). Multiple dense abscesses were found in the entire spleen, and granulomatous inflammation with necrosis was observed in splenic tissue under microscopy (Figures 1E,F). Budding cells with pseudohyphae consistent with infection by Candida species were observed under microscopy (Figure 1K). Immunohistochemistry showed leukocyte common antigen and positivity for cluster of differentiation (CD)3/43 (T cells), CD20 (B cells), and Ki-67 (30%), whereas a methenamine silver stain was negative (Figures 1G–J). After splenectomy, the patient symptoms were alleviated with a decrease of CRP level and white blood cell count (Figure 2). Her body temperature remained normal and we discontinued use of DXM (Figure 2). On day-105, the patient was discharged with continuing antifungal therapy of CAP and AmB. Cytological examination of the bone marrow showed complete remission. The patient was transferred to local hospital to continue antifungal therapy and was suggested to follow-up with CT scan every 2 months.
Discussion
The high morbidity and mortality in CDC patients necessitates rapid diagnostic. Few cases are confirmed by culture, this is supported by a retrospective single-center study from 2008 to 2013 (7). It showed very low positive results from both of blood culture (~20%) and liver biopsy(10–20%) culture from patients undergoing chemotherapy and administrated with empirical antifungal therapy (–).
Cultures are limited further by slow turnaround times (typically requiring 2–3 days for growth to be evident), and the fact that they often turn positive late in the course of infection (). Hence, according to previous “gold standard” diagnostic criteria, the conventional culture-based method has limitations, and definitive treatment is often delayed ().
MRI, CT, and ultrasound are useful for the diagnosis of CDC. However, these imaging methods do not always succeed in distinguishing fungal abscesses in the active phase from possible (even if rare) bacterial and tubercular causes (, ).
With the development of molecular-biology methods, diagnosis using nucleic acids in tissue was introduced in the 2020 European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer/Mycoses Study Group guideline of invasive fungal disease () compared with recommendations from the 2008 version (). The guideline of 2020 version () recommended each of the following investigations as essential for the diagnosis of CDC: microscopic analyses from sterile material (including histopathologic, cytopathologic, or direct microscopic examination of a specimen); culture from sterile material; blood culture; nucleic-acid diagnosis from tissue.
A conventional method of direct microscopic examination, CFW, was introduced to the diagnosis of CDC. The rationale of CFW staining is to detect (non-specifically) β(1–3) and β(1–4) polysaccharides of the chitin-rich areas found in the cell walls of Candida species and most other fungi (). Also, addition of CFW to preparations of potassium hydroxide can improve detection of cells from Candida species by increasing the contrast from background debris (). Compared with time-consuming conventional cultures, fluorescent staining of biopsy tissues requires only ≤1 min for specimen generation and ~10 min to read samples, and is a more economical option (). However, the disadvantage of CFW is the lack of ability to identify the species of fungus.
mNGS was an emerging culture-independent, high-throughput, microbiological diagnostic approach (). It is relatively effective in cataloging and detecting pathogens, especially for uncommon or non-cultivable species (). mNGS offers a faster and less biased non-culture-based methodology of pathogen detection through sequencing of extracted DNA from the sample directly (). Therefore, mNGS has been applied to detect causal pathogens in deep-seated tissue samples (, ), such as in tissue from the lungs, (), liver (), brain (), and cardiac-valve vegetation (). We reported, for the first time, CDC diagnosed by mNGS. In this way, we showed that mNGS is a fast and non-culture-dependent diagnostic method.
The duration of CDC treatment can be 3–6 months (). Usually, fluconazole is chosen after induction by CAP or AmB (). With the escalating resistance of Candida species to azole (26–28), identification of Candida species has become important for the antifungal strategy in CDC patients. For the C. tropicalis, it appeared to be sensitive to fluconazole. However, drug-susceptibility testing of 20,788 strains of Candida species from 39 countries showed increased resistance to fluconazole for C. tropicalis of 2.5% in 1997 to 4.9% in 2014 (28). A survey of patients in intensive care units in China showed that the prevalence of resistance of C. tropicalis to fluconazole was 19.3%, but there was no resistance to CAP or AmB (29). Pathogen identification is becoming increasingly important in culture-negative CDC patients, and mNGS is a good choice.
Patients with CDC appear to occur after recovering from neutropenia, which suggests that CDC is a manifestation of immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome (IRIS). Compared with use of an antifungal agent alone, adjuvant therapy using corticosteroids for a short course and of medium dose could benefit for patients with CDC by hastening improvement of clinical symptoms (30). Therefore, if empirical use of antifungal agents is not efficacious, identification of the pathogen in CDC is crucial to distinguish if it is caused by drug resistance or IRIS. Hence, development and validation of non-culture diagnostic methods for CDC is a top medical priority.
We combined the results from mNGS with those of CFW staining from liver biopsies. This strategy enabled confirmation of the diagnosis of CDC and guided antifungal treatment and subsequent adjuvant therapy using the corticosteroid DXM.
The histopathology manifestations of CDC are associated with three hepatic patterns: necrosis, abscess, and granuloma (31). Acute histopathology is manifested as a minimal inflammatory reaction in the neutropenic stage, whereas microabscesses with an intense inflammatory reaction occur after recovery from neutropenia. The budding cells of Candida species with pseudohyphae or hyphae can be seen in the center of necrotic tissue. Chronic histopathology manifests as granulomatous lesions. These are characterized by fibrosis or central necrosis surrounded by giant-cell granulomatous tissue with fibroblasts and/or macrophages arranged in palisade (). There were only a few budding cells of Candida species with pseudohyphae or hyphae in the lesions in our patient. Therefore, when carrying out ultrasound-guided liver biopsy, the needle should reach the lesion center to have a greater chance of obtaining the pathogen. This strategy also explains why this specific histology feature was detected in the second liver biopsy but not in the first liver biopsy.
A combination of mNGS and CFW staining may be an alternative option for a culture-negative diagnosis of fungal infection. Nevertheless, the absence of detection of antibiotic resistance by mNGS was a limitation in this case study.
Conclusions
mNGS testing of a liver-biopsy sample along with CFW staining is a fast and reliable method for obtaining the proven diagnosis of culture-negative CDC. Early identification of the infective pathogens in culture-negative CDC can guide pathogen-targeted antifungal chemotherapy and subsequent adjuvant therapy with corticosteroids and/or splenectomy if indicated.
Statements
Data availability statement
The raw data supporting the conclusions of this article will be made available by the authors, without undue reservation.
Ethics statement
The studies involving human participants were reviewed and approved by Clinical Research Ethics Committee of the First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine. The patient provided the written informed consent to participate in this study. Written informed consent was obtained from the patient for the publication of any potentially identifiable images or data included in this article.
Author contributions
YZ designed research. YJ, ZW, and YZ analyzed and collected data, and wrote the manuscript. CZ, BH, XW, QY, YL, and XY collected clinical data. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
Funding
This work was supported by Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities (2019FZA7001), Zhejiang Education Department 2020 Special Project Against COVID-19 (Zhejiang University 94), China National Science and Technology Major Project (2017ZX10202202), Youth Fund Project of Zhejiang Provincial Natural Science Foundation, (LQ17H030002), and Haining Science and Technology Project (201805).
Acknowledgments
We thank Dr. Dewi Andayani for her critical language editing.
Conflict of interest
The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.
References
1.
SallahSSemelkaRCWehbieRSallahWNguyenNPVosP. Hepatosplenic candidiasis in patients with acute leukaemia. Br J Haematol. (1999) 106:697–701. 10.1046/j.1365-2141.1999.01592.x
2.
AnttilaVJElonenENordlingSSivonenARuutuTRuutuP. Hepatosplenic candidiasis in patients with acute leukemia: incidence and prognostic implications. Clin Infect Dis. (1997) 24:375–80. 10.1093/clinids/24.3.375
3.
PaganoLMeleLFianchiLMelilloLMartinoBD'AntonioDet al. Chronic disseminated candidiasis in patients with hematologic malignancies. Clinical features and outcome of 29 episodes. Haematologica. (2002) 87:535–41. 10.1016/S0301-472X(02)00785-3
4.
De PauwBWalshTJDonnellyJPStevensDAEdwardsJECalandraTet al. Revised definitions of invasive fungal disease from the European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer/Invasive Fungal Infections Cooperative Group and the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases Mycoses Study Group (EORTC/MSG) Consensus Group. Clin Infect Dis. (2008) 46:1813–21. 10.1086/588660
5.
MasoodASallahS. Chronic disseminated candidiasis in patients with acute leukemia: emphasis on diagnostic definition and treatment. Leuk Res. (2005) 29:493–501. 10.1016/j.leukres.2004.10.003
6.
DonnellyJPChenSCKauffmanCASteinbachWJBaddleyJWVerweijPEet al. Revision and update of the Consensus Definitions of Invasive Fungal Disease From the European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer and the Mycoses Study Group Education and Research Consortium. Clin Infect Dis. (2020) 71:1367–76. 10.1093/cid/ciz1008
7.
ChenCYChengATienFMLeePCTienHFShengWHet al. Chronic disseminated candidiasis manifesting as hepatosplenic abscesses among patients with hematological malignancies. BMC Infect Dis. (2019) 19:635. 10.1186/s12879-019-4260-4
8.
AnttilaVJRuutuPBondestamSJanssonSENordlingSFarkkilaMet al. Hepatosplenic yeast infection in patients with acute leukemia: a diagnostic problem. Clin Infect Dis. (1994) 18:979–81. 10.1093/clinids/18.6.979
9.
KontoyiannisDPLunaMASamuelsBIBodeyGP. Hepatosplenic candidiasis. A manifestation of chronic disseminated candidiasis. Infect Dis Clin North Am. (2000) 14:721–39. 10.1016/S0891-5520(05)70128-8
10.
ClancyCJNguyenMH. Finding the “missing 50%” of invasive candidiasis: how nonculture diagnostics will improve understanding of disease spectrum and transform patient care. Clin Infect Dis. (2013) 56:1284–92. 10.1093/cid/cit006
11.
PaganoLLaroccaLMMarraRPizzigalloELeoneG. A leukemic patient with hepatosplenic abscesses due to coagulase-negative staphylococci. Clin Infect Dis. (1992) 14:364–5. 10.1093/clinids/14.1.364
12.
LeeDGChoiJHKimYJLeeSMinCKKimDWet al. Hepatosplenic tuberculosis mimicking disseminated candidiasis in patients with acute leukemia. Int J Hematol. (2001) 73:119–21. 10.1007/BF02981913
13.
PringleJRPrestonRAAdamsAEStearnsTDrubinDGHaarerBKet al. Fluorescence microscopy methods for yeast. Methods Cell Biol. (1989) 31:357–435. 10.1016/s0091-679x(08)61620-9
14.
PerryJLMillerGR. Quality control slide for potassium hydroxide and cellufluor fungal preparations. J Clin Microbiol. (1989) 27:1411–2.
15.
HarringtonBJHageageGJ. Calcofluor white: a review of its uses and applications in clinical mycology and parasitology. Lab Med. (2003) 34:361–7. 10.1309/eph2tdt8335gh0r3
16.
LefterovaMISuarezCJBanaeiNPinskyBA. Next-generation sequencing for infectious disease diagnosis and management: a report of the Association for Molecular Pathology. J Mol Diagn. (2015) 17:623–34. 10.1016/j.jmoldx.2015.07.004
17.
BesserJCarletonHAGerner-SmidtPLindseyRLTreesE. Next-generation sequencing technologies and their application to the study and control of bacterial infections. Clin Microbiol Infect. (2018) 24:335–41. 10.1016/j.cmi.2017.10.013
18.
MiaoQMaYWangQPanJZhangYJinWet al. Microbiological diagnostic performance of metagenomic next-generation sequencing when applied to clinical practice. Clin Infect Dis. (2018) 67:S231–40. 10.1093/cid/ciy693
19.
ZhangHCAiJWCuiPZhuYMLiYJZhangWH. Incremental value of metagenomic next generation sequencing for the diagnosis of suspected focal infection in adults. J Infect. (2019) 79:419–25. 10.1016/j.jinf.2019.08.012
20.
LiHGaoHMengHWangQLiSChenHet al. Detection of pulmonary infectious pathogens from lung biopsy tissues by metagenomic next-generation sequencing. Front Cell Infect Microbiol. (2018) 8:205. 10.3389/fcimb.2018.00205
21.
AiJWLiYChengQCuiPWuHLXuBet al. Diagnosis of local hepatic tuberculosis through next-generation sequencing: smarter, faster and better. Clin Res Hepatol Gastroenterol. (2018) 42:178–81. 10.1016/j.clinre.2018.04.007
22.
SalzbergSLBreitwieserFPKumarAHaoHBurgerPRodriguezFJet al. Next-generation sequencing in neuropathologic diagnosis of infections of the nervous system. Neurol Neuroimmunol Neuroinflamm. (2016) 3:e251. 10.1212/nxi.0000000000000251
23.
FukuiYAokiKOkumaSSatoTIshiiYTatedaK. Metagenomic analysis for detecting pathogens in culture-negative infective endocarditis. J Infect Chemother. (2015) 21:882–4. 10.1016/j.jiac.2015.08.007
24.
PappasPGRexJHSobelJDFillerSGDismukesWEWalshTJet al. Guidelines for treatment of candidiasis. Clin Infect Dis. (2004) 38:161–89. 10.1086/380796
25.
PappasPGKauffmanCAAndesDRClancyCJMarrKAOstrosky-ZeichnerLet al. Clinical practice guideline for the management of candidiasis: 2016 Update by the Infectious Diseases Society of America. Clin Infect Dis. (2016) 62:e1–50. 10.1093/cid/civ933
26.
PfallerMADiekemaDJGibbsDLNewellVAEllisDTullioVet al. Results from the ARTEMIS DISK Global Antifungal Surveillance Study, 1997 to 2007: a 10.5-year analysis of susceptibilities of Candida species to fluconazole and voriconazole as determined by CLSI standardized disk diffusion. J Clin Microbiol. (2010) 48:1366–77. 10.1128/jcm.02117-09
27.
XiaoMFanXChenSCWangHSunZYLiaoKet al. Antifungal susceptibilities of Candida glabrata species complex, Candida krusei, Candida parapsilosis species complex and Candida tropicalis causing invasive candidiasis in China: 3 year national surveillance. J Antimicrob Chemother. (2015) 70:802–10. 10.1093/jac/dku460
28.
PfallerMADiekemaDJTurnidgeJDCastanheiraMJonesRN. Twenty years of the SENTRY Antifungal Surveillance Program: results for Candida species from 1997–2016. Open Forum Infect Dis. (2019) 6:S79–94. 10.1093/ofid/ofy358
29.
LiuWTanJSunJXuZLiMYangQet al. Invasive candidiasis in intensive care units in China: in vitro antifungal susceptibility in the China-SCAN study. J Antimicrob Chemother. (2014) 69:162–7. 10.1093/jac/dkt330
30.
LegrandFLecuitMDupontBBellatonEHuerreMRohrlichPSet al. Adjuvant corticosteroid therapy for chronic disseminated candidiasis. Clin Infect Dis. (2008) 46:696–702. 10.1086/527390
31.
RammaertBDesjardinsALortholaryO. New insights into hepatosplenic candidosis, a manifestation of chronic disseminated candidosis. Mycoses. (2012) 55:e74–84. 10.1111/j.1439-0507.2012.02182.x
Summary
Keywords
chronic disseminated candidiasis, metagenomics next-generation sequencing, Candida tropicalis, calcofluor white staining, hematological malignancies, proven diagnosis
Citation
Jin Y, Wang Z, Zhu C, Yang Q, Lu Y, Yu X, Hong B, Wang X and Zhang Y (2021) Case Report: Proven Diagnosis of Culture-Negative Chronic Disseminated Candidiasis in a Patient Suffering From Hematological Malignancy: Combined Application of mNGS and CFW Staining. Front. Med. 8:627166. doi: 10.3389/fmed.2021.627166
Received
08 November 2020
Accepted
20 January 2021
Published
24 February 2021
Volume
8 - 2021
Edited by
George Weinstock, Jackson Laboratory for Genomic Medicine, United States
Reviewed by
Yingli He, Xi'an Jiaotong University, China; Yu-Chen Fan, Shandong University, China
Updates
Copyright
© 2021 Jin, Wang, Zhu, Yang, Lu, Yu, Hong, Wang and Zhang.
This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.
*Correspondence: Yimin Zhang 1307020@zju.edu.cn
This article was submitted to Infectious Diseases - Surveillance, Prevention and Treatment, a section of the journal Frontiers in Medicine
†These authors have contributed equally to this work
Disclaimer
All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article or claim that may be made by its manufacturer is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher.