ORIGINAL RESEARCH article

Front. Med.

Sec. Pulmonary Medicine

Volume 12 - 2025 | doi: 10.3389/fmed.2025.1585005

Global Burden of Pulmonary Sarcoidosis from 1990 to 2021: A Comprehensive Analysis Based on the GBD 2021 Study

Provisionally accepted
Jinming  CaoJinming Cao1Haiqing  LiHaiqing Li1Yin  XiaofeiYin Xiaofei2Yang  JianqiongYang Jianqiong1Lingling  PuLingling Pu2Jing  YangJing Yang2*
  • 1Nanchong Central Hospital, Nanchong, Sichuan Province, China
  • 2Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, Sichuan, China

The final, formatted version of the article will be published soon.

Background and Objective: Pulmonary sarcoidosis is a chronic respiratory disease with a growing global burden. This study systematically assessed the epidemiological trends, disease burden, and associated factors of pulmonary sarcoidosis in 204 countries from 1990 to 2021 to provide evidence for its prevention and control. Methods: Utilizing Global Burden of Disease 2021 data, we analyzed the incidence, prevalence, mortality, and disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) of pulmonary sarcoidosis, along with age-standardized rates (ASR), across regions, sexes, and age groups. The association between the disease burden and socio-demographic index (SDI) was also explored. Results: In 2021, global incidence cases reached 390,000, with 43.07 million prevalence cases, 1.88 million deaths and 40.42 million DALYs. Despite decreases in ASR since 1990, absolute numbers rose. In 2021, Andean Latin America had the highest rates of incidence, prevalence, mortality and DALY, while Eastern Europe had the lowest. Nationally, the burden of the disease in 2021 is particularly significant in countries such as Mauritius and Italy. And disease burden was higher in males and the elderly. In addition, the DALY rate for pulmonary nodular disease showed a non-linear relationship with the SDI, with actual and expected DALY rates differing in most regions and countries. Conclusion: Pulmonary sarcoidosis poses a growing burden globally, with marked regional, demographic, and socioeconomic disparities. Targeted interventions, including early screening, improved healthcare access, and pollution control, are essential to reduce this burden and promote health equity.

Keywords: pulmonary nodules, Global disease burden, Epidemiological trends, disease burden, Risk factors, sociodemographic index

Received: 28 Feb 2025; Accepted: 28 Apr 2025.

Copyright: © 2025 Cao, Li, Xiaofei, Jianqiong, Pu and Yang. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) or licensor are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

* Correspondence: Jing Yang, Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, 610500, Sichuan, China

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