ORIGINAL RESEARCH article
Front. Med.
Sec. Ophthalmology
Volume 12 - 2025 | doi: 10.3389/fmed.2025.1612845
Anisometric amblyopia: nomogram-based prognosis-prediction model
Provisionally accepted
Wenyan XuXiaoman LiLizhong Wang
Xiyan XiangYuejia PengHongyi LiXuewen DingJianing ZhangXiaoyue Hu
Jie Chen*
Wuhe Chen*- Affiliated Eye Hospital to Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
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Purpose: This study aimed to identify predictive factors and develop an effective nomogram to estimate the prognosis of anisometropic amblyopia. Methods: We retrospectively analyzed 2,897 patients aged 3–18 years diagnosed with anisometropic amblyopia, with at least 12 months of follow-up. The cure criterion was a best corrected visual acuity (BCVA) of 0.1 LogMAR or better in the amblyopic eye, with less than one line of interocular difference. The potential predictors included 15 baseline clinical characteristics. Participants were randomly assigned (7:3) to the training and validation sets. A nomogram to predict the prognosis of amblyopia was computed using a logistic regression model with least absolute shrinkage and a selection operator. Model performance was assessed by discrimination (area under the curve [AUC]) and calibration (calibration plots). Results: This study included 2,897 patients, of whom 35.2% met the criteria for cured amblyopia. The training and validation sets comprised 2,040 and 857 participants, respectively. The predictors included in the nomogram were baseline age (AUC: 0.703 [95% CI 0.679–0.727]), difference in interocular BCVA (AUC: 0.688 [95% CI 0.664-0.711]), and spherical equivalence (SE) (AUC: 0.653 [95% CI 0.629–0.678]). The calibration curves of the nomogram showed good agreement between the predicted and observed probabilities, with an AUC of 0.783 (95% CI 0.763-0.803) in the training set and 0.782 (95% CI 0.750-0.814) in the validation set. Conclusion: The nomogram, incorporating baseline age, differences in interocular BCVA, and SE, provides individualized prognostic predictions for anisometropic amblyopia treatment, aiding clinicians in personalized treatment planning and better resource allocation. Furthermore, the nomogram could enhance shared decision-making with parents by providing objective prognostic data, thus improving treatment compliance.
Keywords: anisometropic amblyopia, prognosis, Nomograms, predictive model, best correctedvisual acuity
Received: 16 Apr 2025; Accepted: 25 Sep 2025.
Copyright: © 2025 Xu, Li, Wang, Xiang, Peng, Li, Ding, Zhang, Hu, Chen and Chen. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) or licensor are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.
* Correspondence:
Jie Chen, cj@eye.ac.cn
Wuhe Chen, cwh@eye.ac.cn
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