Transfer Deep Learning and Explainable AI Framework for Brain Tumour and Alzheimer's Detection Across Multiple Datasets

Shtwai Alsubai¹Stephen Ojo²Thomas Nathaniel³Mohamed Ayari⁴Jamel Baili⁵Ahmad Almadhor^6*Abdullah Al Hejaili⁷

• ¹Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Al-Kharj, Saudi Arabia
• ²Anderson University, Anderson, Indiana, United States
• ³University of South Carolina, Columbia, Missouri, United States
• ⁴Northern Border University, Arar, Northern Borders, Saudi Arabia
• ⁵King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia
• ⁶Jouf University, Sakakah, Saudi Arabia
• ⁷University of Tabuk, Tabuk, Tabuk, Saudi Arabia

The pressing need for accurate diagnostic tools in the medical field, particularly for diseases such as brain tumors and Alzheimer's, poses significant challenges to timely and effective treatment. This study presents a novel approach to MRI image classification by integrating transfer learning with Explainable AI (XAI) techniques. The proposed method utilizes a hybrid CNN-VGG16 model, which leverages pre-trained features from the VGG16 architecture to enhance classification performance across three distinct MRI datasets: brain tumor classification, Alzheimer's disease detection, and a third dataset of brain tumors. A comprehensive preprocessing pipeline ensures optimal input quality and variability, including image normalization, resizing, and data augmentation. The model achieves accuracy rates of 94% on the brain tumor dataset, 81% on the augmented Alzheimer dataset, and 93% on the third dataset, underscoring its capability to differentiate various neurological conditions. Furthermore, the integration of SHapley Additive exPlanations (SHAP) provides a transparent view of the model's decisionmaking process, allowing clinicians to understand which regions of the MRI scans contribute to the classification outcomes. This research demonstrates the potential of combining advanced deep learning techniques with explainability to improve diagnostic accuracy and trust in AI applications within healthcare.