Your new experience awaits. Try the new design now and help us make it even better

ORIGINAL RESEARCH article

Front. Med.

Sec. Obstetrics and Gynecology

Volume 12 - 2025 | doi: 10.3389/fmed.2025.1635018

Eutocic delivery versus cesarean section: a multicenter retrospective study of factors influencing cesarean rates in Robson Groups 1, 2a, 3, and 4a across birth centers

Provisionally accepted
Alessandra  MusiccoAlessandra Musicco1Gianfranco  SfregolaGianfranco Sfregola2Vincenzo  DicuonzoVincenzo Dicuonzo3Tatiana  BolgeoTatiana Bolgeo4VIRGINIA  MILONEVIRGINIA MILONE5Grazia  DicuonzoGrazia Dicuonzo5Paolo  IovinoPaolo Iovino6Federico  RutaFederico Ruta7*
  • 1OPI BAT, Trani, Italy
  • 2ASL BT, Barletta, Italy
  • 3ANT Foundation, Trani, Italy
  • 4Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria Alessandria -  SS Antonio e Biagio e C. Arrigo, Torino, Italy
  • 55Department of Economics, Management and Business Law, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy
  • 66Health Sciences Department, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
  • 7Azienda Sanitaria Locale Barletta Andria Trani, Andria, Italy

The final, formatted version of the article will be published soon.

Objective: Cesarean deliveries are increasing rapidly worldwide. Although their primary indication is when vaginal delivery is not feasible, there appears to be an overutilization of this procedure, even in the absence of clear medical or obstetric indications. This exposes women to short and long-term adverse outcomes. The aim of this study was to investigate factors associated with cesarean sections (CS) in nulliparous and multiparous women undergoing spontaneous and induced labor, focusing on Robson groups 1, 2a, 3 and 4a in birth centers of the Apulia Region (Italy) in 2019. Methods: This multicenter retrospective observational study used data from the Delivery Room Registers of 14 facilities in the Apulia Region in 2019, covering 14,331 women. Inclusion criteria were belonging to Robson groups 1, 2a, 3, or 4a. Exclusion criteria were stillbirths and deliveries occurring in ambulances or at home. The final sample consisted of 9,992 women. Multilevel binary logistic regression models were performed to assess the impact of Robson groups and their combinations on the likelihood of CS. Chi-square and Fisher's exact tests were used to examine the distribution of CS across facilities. Results. Among women with spontaneous labor, multiparity was protective against CS compared with nulliparity (OR = 0.44, p < 0.001). Similarly, in induced labor, multiparity remained protective (OR = 0.46, p < 0.001). Women undergoing induction were nearly four times more likely to deliver via CS compared with those in spontaneous labor (OR = 3.87, p < 0.001). Overall, multiparous women were substantially less likely to undergo CS compared with nulliparous women (OR = 0.18, p < 0.001). Significant variability in CS rates across facilities was observed for all Robson groups (p < 0.001). Conclusion. Nulliparity and induction of labor were strongly associated with increased risk of CS. These factors should be carefully considered in clinical decision-making to help reduce unnecessary CS and mitigate associated adverse health outcomes.

Keywords: 1. Cesarean section, 2. Robson classification, 3. obstetric care, 4. labor induction, 5. maternal health, 6. delivery mode, 7. health policies, 8. gender medicine

Received: 25 May 2025; Accepted: 02 Oct 2025.

Copyright: © 2025 Musicco, Sfregola, Dicuonzo, Bolgeo, MILONE, Dicuonzo, Iovino and Ruta. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) or licensor are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

* Correspondence: Federico Ruta, federico.ruta@aslbat.it

Disclaimer: All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article or claim that may be made by its manufacturer is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher.