ORIGINAL RESEARCH article
Front. Med.
Sec. Hematology
This article is part of the Research TopicUnraveling the long-term effects of COVID-19View all 11 articles
The long-term effects of COVID-19 on oxygen carrying capacity in adults at the University of Limpopo, South Africa
Provisionally accepted
- 1University of Limpopo, Sovenga, South Africa
- 2University of Limpopo, Mankweng, South Africa
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Background: Long-COVID is a condition characterised by persistent symptoms that last past the acute phase of COVID-19. The symptoms manifest from COVID-19 infection, and include shortness of breath, fatigue, and headaches. These symptoms could be caused by hypoxia and hypoxemia which may result from low haematocrit and haemoglobin. The SARS-CoV-2 virus causes destruction to the heme group of haemoglobin leading to haemolysis, which may lead to disrupted oxygen-carrying capacity. Aim: The aim of the study was to investigate the long-term effects of COVID-19 on haemoglobin (Hb) and haematocrit (Hct) in adults. Methodology: This was a case-control cross-sectional study that included a Covid-19 non-naive group (n=28) and a COVID-19 naïve group (n=196). Questionnaires were administered to participants, and blood levels of Hb and Hct were measured. Furthermore, a food frequency questionnaire was administered to determine the daily intake of iron, folic acid, and vitamin B12 to observe if the diet might have had an influence on Hb and Hct. Results: The results show a trend for a low Hct is common in females who had a history of a positive COVID-19 test, and the trend for a normal Hb is prominent across the study population. Results also show a statistically significant (p=0,001; 95% CI - 1,064–9,295) intake of vitamin B12 in Covid-19 non-naive males, who also showed to have the highest levels of Hb and Hct (mean of 45,86 g/dL and 15,57 % respectively) as compared to other groups. Conclusion: COVID-19 patients in this study experienced persistent symptoms, but most of the participants had no symptoms at the time the study was conducted. Diet might have had an impact on Hb and Hct in the Covid-19 non-naive male population, as it was observed that they had the highest nutrient consumption and the highest concentrations.
Keywords: haemoglobin, Haematocrit, COVID-19, South African, long-term effects
Received: 28 May 2025; Accepted: 03 Nov 2025.
Copyright: © 2025 Mkhabela, Van Staden and Chetty. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) or licensor are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.
* Correspondence: Kidibone Mkhabela, kedimkhabela.km@gmail.com
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