ORIGINAL RESEARCH article
Front. Med.
Sec. Ophthalmology
Volume 12 - 2025 | doi: 10.3389/fmed.2025.1647489
This article is part of the Research TopicImaging in the Diagnosis and Treatment of Eye DiseasesView all 31 articles
Validation of a portable three-dimensional imaging system for volumetric measurement in the periorbital region
Provisionally accepted
- Zhejiang University, Eye Center of Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
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Objectives: To evaluate the reliability and accuracy of a portable structured light-based threedimensional (3D) imaging system for volumetric measurement in the periorbital region. Methods: Five hemispherical 3D printed resin models with different sizes and colors, including the flesh-colored models with 6 (Model 1), 4 (Model 2), and 2 (Model 3) mm in diameter, and the black (Model 4) and gray (Model 5) models with 6mm in diameter, were affixed to the lower eyelid or upper eyelid of 40 volunteers. One researcher used the portable 3D imaging system to collect the 3D images and two raters measured the volume of the models on images. Intra-device, intra-rater and inter-rater reliabilities and accuracy of the volumetric measurement were evaluated by intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC), mean absolute difference (MAD), technical error of measurement (TEM), relative error measurement (REM), and relative TEM (rTEM). Results: The intra-device reliability of the 3D imaging system for volumetric measurement in the periorbital region was excellent (ICC = 0.922, MAD = 0.11 mm3 , TEM = 0.09 mm3 , REM = 0.19%, rTEM = 0.15%). The intra-rater reliability for volumetric measurement of the Model 1 on the lower eyelid was the highest (ICC = 0.953, MAD = 0.08 mm3 , TEM = 0.06 mm3 , REM = 0.13%, rTEM = 0.11%). The inter-rater reliability for volumetric measurement of the Model 1 on the lower eyelid was the highest (ICC = 0.889, MAD = 0.14 mm3 , TEM = 0.11 mm3 , REM = 0.24%, rTEM = 0.19%). The accuracy for volumetric measurement of the Model 1 on the lower eyelid was the highest (MAD = 0.24 mm3 , REM = 0.43%). Conclusion: The portable 3D imaging system proved to measure the volumes of periorbital fleshcolored objects reliably and accurately. This finding demonstrated that this device has great potential for diagnosis, postoperative evaluation, and long-term follow-up of volumetric changes in oculoplastics.
Keywords: portable three-dimensional imaging system, structured light, Volumetric measurement, Reliability, accuracy
Received: 15 Jun 2025; Accepted: 22 Jul 2025.
Copyright: © 2025 Zhang, Shao, Dai, Li, Guo, Ye and Lou. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) or licensor are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.
* Correspondence:
Juan Ye, Zhejiang University, Eye Center of Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
Lixia Lou, Zhejiang University, Eye Center of Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
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