ORIGINAL RESEARCH article
Front. Med.
Sec. Pulmonary Medicine
Volume 12 - 2025 | doi: 10.3389/fmed.2025.1650997
Global, regional and national burden of interstitial lung disease and pulmonary sarcoidosis, 1990-2021 and projection to 2040
Provisionally accepted
Xinxin Zhang1
Yanting Zhuang1Yizi Xie1Gang Liao2Huiqiu Liang2Wujin Wen2Yuguang Chen2Xiufang Huang1Leshen Lian3*Xunsheng Qian3*
Shaofeng Zhan1*- 1Guangzhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine First Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou, China
- 2Shenzhen Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Shenzhen, China
- 3Dongguan Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Dongguan, China
Select one of your emails
You have multiple emails registered with Frontiers:
Notify me on publication
Please enter your email address:
If you already have an account, please login
You don't have a Frontiers account ? You can register here
Interstitial lung disease and pulmonary sarcoidosis (ILD&PS) represent a group of respiratory diseases characterized by high heterogeneity and substantial burden. In this study, we conducted a comprehensive analysis of burden with ILD&PS and provided estimates for 2040. Prevalence, incidence, disability adjusted life years (DALYs), and deaths were analyzed at global, regional, and national levels using GBD 2021 data. Subgroup analyses were performed by age and gender to assess the quantity of global burden and trends. The BAPC model was used to forecast the worldwide disease load until 2040. From 1990 to 2021, global prevalence, incidence, DALYs, and mortality rates of ILD&PS increased by 128% (1887445.26 to 4306627.72), 148% (157,441.17 to 390,267.11), 169% (1,501,028.43 to 4,042,150.49), and 242% (54,967.23 to 188,222.37), respectively, and the corresponding age-standardized rates (ASRs) also showed an upward trend. Additionally, the burden in Australasia and Andean Latin America varied greatly at the regional level, with ASR burden increasing highest in high sociodemographic index (SDI) region over the previous 32 years. Correlation analysis revealed a positive correlation between ASR burden and SDI. Subgroup analysis showed a higher burden in adults over 50 and consistently greater burden in males than females. The overall burden of ILD&PS increased from 1990 to 2021, and by 2040, the ASR burden was expected to progressively normalize. Policymakers should give prevention and treatment measures top priority, paying special attention to high-burden areas and populations.
Keywords: Interstitial lung disease and pulmonary sarcoidosis, Global burden of disease, Epidemiology, prediction, trend
Received: 20 Jun 2025; Accepted: 21 Aug 2025.
Copyright: © 2025 Zhang, Zhuang, Xie, Liao, Liang, Wen, Chen, Huang, Lian, Qian and Zhan. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) or licensor are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.
* Correspondence:
Leshen Lian, Dongguan Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Dongguan, China
Xunsheng Qian, Dongguan Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Dongguan, China
Shaofeng Zhan, Guangzhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine First Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou, China
Disclaimer: All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article or claim that may be made by its manufacturer is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher.