REVIEW article
Front. Med.
Sec. Translational Medicine
Volume 12 - 2025 | doi: 10.3389/fmed.2025.1677685
Sinomenine in Cerebral Ischemia: Mechanisms, Delivery Strategies, and the Emerging Multifunctional Biomaterials of the Bone–Brain Axis
Provisionally accepted
- 1Nanchang University Jiangxi Medical College, Nanchang, China
- 2School of Ophthalmology and Optometry of Nanchang University, Nnachang, China
- 3Jiangxi Medical College, Shangrao, China
- 4The University of Manchester School of Environment Education and Development, Manchester, United Kingdom
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Cerebral ischemia, a leading cause of neurological disability and death, is characterized by reduced cerebral blood flow that induces hypoxia, neuronal injury, and irreversible brain damage. Its complex pathophysiology involves neuroinflammation, oxidative stress, glial cell activation, disruption of the neurovascular unit, and increasingly recognized bone–brain axis crosstalk. Sinomenine (SIN), a bioactive alkaloid derived from Sinomenium acutum, exhibits notable anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and immunomodulatory properties, and has shown protective effects on the cardiovascular and nervous systems. However, the clinical application of SIN is limited by its poor pharmacokinetic properties, such as low oral bioavailability and a short half-life. To address these limitations, nanotechnology-based delivery systems have been designed to enhance its stability, brain-targeting ability, and therapeutic potential. Recent studies also highlight the potential of leveraging the bone–brain axis as a novel route for SIN delivery, offering enhanced targeting of ischemic brain tissue. This review synthesizes current evidence on the neuroprotective mechanisms of SIN, with particular focus on its modulation of the bone–brain axis and the advances in delivery technologies. Collectively, these insights support the therapeutic potential of SIN-based nano-delivery platforms targeting the bone–brain axis in the treatment of cerebral ischemia.
Keywords: Sinomenine, cerebral ischemia, Drug delivery, Neuroinflammation, Bone–brainaxis
Received: 01 Aug 2025; Accepted: 03 Oct 2025.
Copyright: © 2025 Li, Zhang, Wang, Li, Li, Liu and Bai. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) or licensor are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.
* Correspondence: Xiang Li, lixiangyeo@outlook.com
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