Exploring the physiological limits of aging: A case study of the male 50-km world record in the 80+ age category

Andrea Pilotto¹Enrique Higueras²Massimiliano Ansaldo¹Ivan Baltasar-Fernandez²Marianna Neri¹Letizia Giusti¹Angel Buendia Romero²Pedro L. Valenzuela²Julian Alcazar²Fulvio Lauretani³RE REBECCA⁴Alberto Botter⁵Martino V. Franchi⁶Ignacio Ara²Simone Porcelli^1,7*

• ¹University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
• ²University of Castilla-La Mancha - Faculty of Sport Sciences, Toledo, Spain
• ³Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Parma, Parma, Italy
• ⁴Politecnico di Milano, Milan, Italy
• ⁵Politecnico di Torino, Turin, Italy
• ⁶Universita degli Studi di Padova, Padua, Italy
• ⁷Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia, Italy

Aging is associated with declines in cardiorespiratory fitness and endurance performance, but this association is usually confounded by age-related declines in physical activity levels. For this reason, world-class master athletes serve as exceptional models for elucidating the limits of endurance performance in old age. PURPOSE: To examine the physiological responses to exercise and performance characteristics of an 81-year-old male runner who, in 2025, set a new world record in the 50-km race (4h47m39s, 10.5 km·h-1) in the 80+ category. METHODS: Two weeks after the world record, maximal O2 uptake (V̇ O2max), fractional utilization of V̇ O2max (lactate threshold [LT]), maximal fat oxidation (MFO) and running economy (RE) were assessed through incremental running tests. Limiting factors to V̇ O2peak were assessed during incremental cycling exercise by gas exchange, peak cardiac output (Q̇ peak), and peak fractional O2 extraction of the vastus lateralis (VL) muscle. In vivo VL muscle oxidative capacity and relative resistance to O2 diffusion were estimated using near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) during repeated transient arterial occlusions in well-oxygenated (kHIGH) and low O2 availability (kLOW) conditions. RESULTS: V̇ O2max was 52.8 ml·kg-1·min-1, achieved at 13.2 km·h-1. LT was attained at 10.5 km·h-1. MFO was 0.55 g·min-1 occurring at 84% of V̇ O2max and RE was 237.5 ml·kg-1·km-1. Cycling V̇ O2peak was 2.510 L·min-1 (42.6 ml·kg-1·min-1), Q̇ peak was 15.3 L·min-1, and arterial-venous O2 difference was 16.4 ml·dl-1, comparable to fractional O2 extraction around 75% obtained by NIRS. kHIGH was 4.67 min-1 and kLOW was 4.59 min-1, suggesting high oxidative and muscle O2 diffusing capacity. CONCLUSION: The exceptional endurance performance of this master athlete was attributed to his well-preserved V̇ O2max (to our knowledge the highest recorded in octogenarians, equivalent to the 70th percentile for healthy males aged 20-30 years) and a high fractional utilization of V̇ O2max, together with a great ability to oxidize fats. Analyses on the limiting factors to V̇ O2max suggest that his exceptional performance was mostly due to the final steps of the oxygen cascade.