Editorial: The impact of climate change on allergic disease
Juan Aguilera
Gabriel Ibarra-Mejia
Mary Johnson- 1Center for Community Health Impact, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston School of Public Health, Houston, TX, United States
- 2Department of Public Health Sciences, The University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, TX, United States
- 3Department of Environmental Health, T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston, MA, United States
Editorial on the Research Topic
The impact of climate change on allergic disease
Exploring new insights and challenges
Climate change poses a significant threat to human health, and its impact on allergic diseases is an area of growing concern. As global temperatures rise and weather patterns shift, the distribution and abundance of allergenic pollen and the length of pollen seasons are expected to change, leading to increased allergen exposure and exacerbation of allergic diseases, as shown in Figure 1 (1–3). In this Research Topic we present articles that delve into how climate change influences the incidence and severity of allergic diseases, offering valuable insights into this complex relationship and shedding light on potential strategies to mitigate the impacts on human health.
Figure 1. Current evidence and climate models show that an increasing global temperature will intensify extreme weather events around the globe, thereby amplifying allergic diseases.
A significant challenge in managing allergic diseases is pinpointing the allergens responsible for triggering allergic reactions (4). Pollen, a substantial source of allergens, is influenced by climate change, affecting the quantity and quality of allergenic proteins (5–7).
In their article, Juprasong et al. consider the effects of environmental stressors—flood, salt, and drought—on the expression of β-expansin, a major pollen allergen, in rice and maize (Oryza sativa and Zea mays, respectively) pollen. Their study focuses on two specific β-expansins, OsEXPB in rice and ZmEXPB in maize, which play essential roles in cell wall modification and growth processes. The research sheds light on how these stressors can influence the expression of β-expansin and, consequently, impact allergic reactions, particularly in relation to grass group-1 pollen allergens. These findings highlight the importance of understanding the specific environmental factors influencing allergenicity to better predict and manage climate change impact on allergic diseases.
Another crucial factor in allergic disease development is the role of environmental factors on the immune system. Exposure to air pollution, for instance, has been linked to increased susceptibility to allergic sensitization and exacerbation of allergic diseases (2, 8). On this topic, Liu et al. developed an experimental ragweed pollen (RWP) allergy model in mice to investigate how the number of RWP and the geographical origin of RWP influence allergic disease. The findings revealed that environmental factors impact RWP and result in a spectrum of allergic lung diseases, which may contribute to the increasing sensitization rates and severity of pollen-induced disease exacerbations in patients. This research highlights the necessity of a multidisciplinary approach to addressing climate change's impact on allergic diseases, calling for collaboration among immunologists, allergists, environmental scientists, and public health experts to develop comprehensive strategies for prevention and mitigation.
As climate change advances, alterations in the distribution and prevalence of allergenic pollen across regions are anticipated, potentially affecting millions of people suffering from pollen-induced allergic diseases (9, 10). Ren et al. developed a modeling system to simulate the spatiotemporal distributions of major pollen aeroallergens, such as, oak, and ragweed pollens across the contiguous United States for historical (2004) and future (2047) conditions. The results showed substantial regional variability in pollen metrics, with ragweed pollen seasons starting earlier and lasting longer in all climate regions and varying timing and magnitude of oak pollen seasons. These findings highlight the influence of climate change on airborne allergenic pollen exposure and emphasize the need for proactive measures to mitigate climate change's effects on human health.
Lastly, Singh and Kumar offered an overview of the multifaceted ways climate change is projected to impact allergic diseases, supplementing a broad spectrum of scientific literature with calls to action (11, 12). Their article delves into the complex and discusses the link between climate change, the increased prevalence and severity of asthma, and related allergic diseases, highlighting how greenhouse gases and rising temperatures impact pollen release patterns. Altered pollen patterns can exacerbate respiratory allergies in susceptible individuals. Anticipating future allergic disease burdens can help public health agencies develop strategies to mitigate the health challenges expected in the coming years. Furthermore, the article underscores the need for interdisciplinary collaboration to tackle the challenges posed by climate change and allergic diseases.
In closing, these articles offer valuable insights into how climate change influences the prevalence and severity of allergic diseases. By bringing together experts from various fields, such as allergists, immunologists, environmental scientists, and public health specialists, a holistic understanding of the issue can be achieved, allowing for the development of more effective and targeted strategies to mitigate the health risks associated with climate change and allergens. The findings emphasize the urgency of minimizing climate change's effects on human health. Proactive measures, such as reducing carbon emissions, devising new strategies for managing allergic diseases in a changing climate, and increasing public awareness of climate change's health risks, are vital. These articles significantly contribute to our comprehension of climate change's impact on allergic diseases and inform the development of strategies to mitigate its effects on human health.
Author contributions
JA wrote the rough draft, MP, GI-M provided feedback, made edits, and approved the final version. All authors contributed to the article and approved the submitted version.
Conflict of interest
The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.
Publisher's note
All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article, or claim that may be made by its manufacturer, is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher.
References
1. Pacheco SE, Guidos-Fogelbach G, Annesi-Maesano I, Pawankar R, d'Amato G, Latour-Staffeld P, et al. Climate change and global issues in allergy and immunology. J Allergy Clin Immunol. (2021) 148(6):1366–77. doi: 10.1016/j.jaci.2021.10.011
2. Sampath V, Aguilera J, Prunicki M, Nadeau KC. Mechanisms of climate change and related air pollution on the immune system leading to allergic disease and asthma. In Seminars in Immunology. Academic Press (2023). p. 101765. doi: 10.1016/j.smim.2023.101765
3. Tong S, Beggs PJ, Davies JM, Jiang F, Kinney PL, Liu S, et al. Compound impacts of climate change, urbanization and biodiversity loss on allergic disease. Int J Epidemiol. (2022) 52(3):655–63. doi: 10.1093/ije/dyac197
4. Breiteneder H, Diamant Z, Eiwegger T, Fokkens WJ, Traidl-Hoffmann C, Nadeau K, et al. Future research trends in understanding the mechanisms underlying allergic diseases for improved patient care. Allergy. (2019) 74(12):2293–311. doi: 10.1111/all.13851
5. D’Amato G, Holgate ST, Pawankar R, Ledford DK, Cecchi L, Al-Ahmad M, et al. Meteorological conditions, climate change, new emerging factors, and asthma and related allergic disorders. A statement of the world allergy organization. World Allergy Organ J. (2015) 8(1):1–52. doi: 10.1186/s40413-015-0073-0
6. Poole JA, Barnes CS, Demain JG, Bernstein JA, Padukudru MA, Sheehan WJ, et al. Impact of weather and climate change with indoor and outdoor air quality in asthma: a work group report of the AAAAI environmental exposure and respiratory health committee. J Allergy Clin Immunol. (2019) 143(5):1702–10. doi: 10.1016/j.jaci.2019.02.018
7. Reinmuth-Selzle K, Kampf CJ, Lucas K, Lang-Yona N, Fröhlich-Nowoisky J, Shiraiwa M, et al. Air pollution and climate change effects on allergies in the anthropocene: abundance, interaction, and modification of allergens and adjuvants. Environ Sci Technol. (2017) 51(8):4119–41. doi: 10.1021/acs.est.6b04908
8. Alkotob SS, Cannedy C, Harter K, Movassagh H, Paudel B, Prunicki M, et al. Advances and novel developments in environmental influences on the development of atopic diseases. Allergy. (2020) 75(12):3077–86. doi: 10.1111/all.14624
9. Ariano R, Canonica GW, Passalacqua G. Possible role of climate changes in variations in pollen seasons and allergic sensitizations during 27 years. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol. (2010) 104(3):215–22. doi: 10.1016/j.anai.2009.12.005
10. Davies JM, Berman D, Beggs PJ, Ramón GD, Peter J, Katelaris CH, et al. Global climate change and pollen aeroallergens: a southern hemisphere perspective. Immunol Allergy Clin. (2021) 41(1):1–16. doi: 10.1016/j.iac.2020.09.002
11. Agache I, Sampath V, Aguilera J, Akdis CA, Akdis M, Barry M, et al. Climate change and global health: a call to more research and more action. Allergy. (2022) 77(5):1389–407. doi: 10.1111/all.15229
Keywords: climate change, allergic disease, pollen, immune system, air pollution, public health, environmental stressors, global health
Citation: Aguilera J, Ibarra-Mejia G and Johnson M (2023) Editorial: The impact of climate change on allergic disease. Front. Allergy 4:1246899. doi: 10.3389/falgy.2023.1246899
Received: 24 June 2023; Accepted: 2 October 2023;
Published: 19 October 2023.
Edited by:
Athanasios Damialis, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, GreeceReviewed by:
Regina Treudler, Leipzig University, GermanyGerman Dario Ramon, Institute of Allergy and Immunology of the South (IAIS), Argentina
© 2023 Aguilera, Ibarra-Mejia and Johnson. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.
*Correspondence: Juan Aguilera juan.aguilera@uth.tmc.edu