Effects of resistance and balance exercises for athletic ability and quality of life in people with osteoporotic vertebral fracture: Systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized control trials

Introduction

Osteoporosis is a metabolic bone disease characterized by decreased bone mass and deterioration of bone tissue microstructure that is common around the world (1). Osteoporotic vertebral fracture (OVF) is one of the most common consequences of osteoporosis (2). A cross-sectional study of the Chinese mainland found that the prevalence of osteoporosis in men and women over 40 years old was 5.0% and 26.0%, respectively, and that OVF occurred in 10.5% of men and 9.7% of women. Although this incidence of osteoporosis and fracture in China is very high, few patients have received osteoporosis treatment; thus, it has been considered a “silent 21st century epidemic” (3, 4). However, its treatment cost remains huge. In the United States, the high medical resource utilization rate and medical costs of OVF have far exceeded the costs of stroke, myocardial infarction, and breast cancer (5). OVF can result in loss of height, acute and chronic pain, impaired ambulation/balance, decreased quality of life, and shortened life span (6). More importantly, OVF can also lead to increased future re-fracture risk (7, 8). Falls have been considered the primary risk of fracture in patients with OVF (9). Therefore, reducing falls and improving body balance in patients with OVF are considered important measures to reduce re-fracture.

Exercise can delay the negative effects of chronic aging diseases on the body (10). For osteoporosis, exercise is a safe and low-cost non-medication intervention (11). Exercise can reduce the estimated loss by maintaining the cortical and trabecular bone density. It can also improve patient function, including exercise ability and balance, and back muscle strength (12, 13). Therefore, it is strongly recommended that patients with osteoporosis take part in exercise, especially balance and resistance strength training (14). One study found that resistance and balance exercises significantly enhanced lumbar muscle strength, reduce bone loss, and decreased lumbar fracture incidence in postmenopausal women (15). Is exercise beneficial for patients with OVF? A literature search revealed one previously published systematic review on the impact of exercise on patients with OVF, which was unable to determine clear benefits of exercise in people with spinal fractures (16). However, the investigation was assessing simple exercise rather than a specific type of training. In recent years, resistance and balance training have been gradually applied as a composite exercise program to intervene for OVF. Nevertheless, a specific relationship of resistance and balance exercise with OVF has not been previously quantified. It is essential to clarify the specific therapeutic effects (e.g., enhancing motor and balance function, reducing back pain and fear of falling) of resistance and balance training for patients with OVF, because it could impact their rapid rehabilitation significantly. Therefore, we conducted this systematic review and meta-analysis evaluating the use of resistance and balance exercise training for OVF.

Information sources and search strategy

The referenced data was searched in the following electronic databases: PubMed, Web of Science, Cochrane, Embase and CNKI. We systematically searched the above databases for articles published up until September 17, 2022, without language restrictions. The search strategy was related to intervention measures, population, and results, and was structured around the search terms: “Exercise,” “Osteoporotic vertebral fracture” and “Functional activities.” Keywords and their synonyms were used to improve search sensitivity: (“Exercises” OR “Activities, Physical” OR “Activity, Physical” OR “Physical Activities” OR “Exercise, Physical” OR “Exercises, Physical” OR “Physical Exercise” OR “Physical Exercises” OR “Exercise Training” OR “Exercise Training” OR “Training, Exercise” OR “Training, Exercise”) AND (“Osteoporotic fracture” OR “Fractures, Osteoporotic” OR “Fracture, Osteoporotic”) AND (“Fracture, Spinal” OR “Fractures, Spinal” OR “Spinal Fracture”) AND (“Function” OR “Activities of daily living” OR “Functioning”). In PubMed, search results were limited to “randomized controlled trials.” Search strategy in Supplementary Document. The first author (LXF) screened studies by title and abstracts according to the inclusion and exclusion criteria. In addition, a manual search in the references and abstracts of all included articles and previous relevant systematic reviews and meta-analyzes was carried out. The standards of the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA) guided this systematic review and meta-analysis (17).

Inclusion criteria

The participants, intervention, comparison, outcome, time, and study design (PICOTS) criteria were considered to determine the study inclusion criteria: (1) The participants had been diagnosed with osteoporosis and suffered at least one vertebral fracture, verified by DXA-based vertebral fracture assessment or X-ray by medical doctors in a clinical setting, (2) The intervention was standardized progressive exercise therapy, especially resistance and balance training, (3) The control group maintained their previous level of daily and physical activities, (4) The outcomes were patients’ balance, mobility, and health-related quality of life, using measures including the “Quality of Life Questionnaire issued by the European Foundation for Osteoporosis” (QUALEFFO-41), Timed Up and Go (TUG), walking speed, VAS (visual analog pain scale), kyphosis, time-loaded standing, etc., and (5). The study design was RCTs published in authoritative journals.

Exclusion criteria

We excluded studies with the following characteristics: (1) Full text and/or data inaccessible, (2) Participants with other bone metabolic diseases (diabetes, thyroid dysfunction), and (3) Patients with cancer for chemo and/or radiotherapy.

Data extraction

Two researchers (CWH, CQ) independently extracted data after reading the full text, and the third investigator (LFF) solved any disagreement. The collected information included the first author’s name, publication year, participant characteristics (mean age and gender), sample size, characteristics of exercise intervention (training frequency and intervention duration), risk assessment, and outcome characteristics.

Outcome measures

In this systematic review and meta-analysis, the primary outcomes were scores of QUALEFFO-41, VAS, and functional reach test (FR) assessments. Secondary measures were scores of the TUG and Falls Efficacy Scale International (FES-I) and measurements of kyphosis.

Study quality assessment

Two researchers (CC, LP) independently used Cochrane’s collaborative tools (risk of bias) to assess the methodological quality of every RCT. Disagreements were resolved through discussions with the third assessor (LFY). The risk of bias assessment includes random sequence generation, allocation concealment, participants and personnel blinding, outcome assessment blinding, incomplete outcome data, selective reporting, and other bias. All standards were equally estimated with “low,” “unclear,” and “high” risk levels.

Data synthesis

All analyzes were carried out using Review Manager 5.3 (Nordic Cochrane Center, Copenhagen, Denmark). The extracted results data is completed using changes in the mean and standard deviation (SD) values. Subtract the mean value before the intervention from the mean value after the intervention and calculate the standard deviation of the change according to the number of subjects in the study group combined with the value of group p or 95% confidence interval (the changes of mean value and standard deviation are not reported). The χ²-test and I²-value were used to evaluate the heterogeneity of individual research results. The fixed effect model was used when I² was less than 50%, and the random effect model was used when I² was more than 50%. In addition, subgroup analysis was used to identify potential causes of heterogeneity.

Subgroup analysis and exploring heterogeneity

In cases of heterogeneity, we expect the following subgroup analyzes (a priori): patient’s age (less than or over 70 years) and duration of exercise intervention (less than or over 10 weeks). We planned to use a funnel chart to evaluate for publication bias.

Results

Study selection

807 studies were initially identified from the selected databases; the document management software automatically deleted 96 duplicate entries. The remaining 711 studies were screened using the title and abstract, excluding another 661 studies. The remaining 50 studies were evaluated according to the inclusion and exclusion standards listed above. Ultimately, 12 RCTs were selected for our meta-analysis (18–29). See Figure 1 for the inclusion flow diagram. Two RCTs (19, 20) were defined as discrete research because of different follow-up times.

FIGURE 1

Figure 1. PRISMA flow diagram.

Study characteristics and interventions

In 12 RCTs, the total number of participants was 1,289 (exercise group: n = 666; control group: n = 623) and sample sizes of the individual studies varied from 9 (25) to 216 (23). Of the 12 RCTs, eight (18–21, 24, 26, 28, 29) included only females (n = 724); and four (22, 23, 25, 27) included both sexes (M:F = 107:458). Age was closely associated with OVF (30). The mean age of participants in five RCTs (18–21, 23) was over 70 years, and it was lower than 70 years in seven (22, 24–29). All participants had been diagnosed with osteoporosis and had suffered at least one vertebral fracture, verified by MRI or CT. In 12 RCTs, the control groups were instructed to continue their current lifestyle. The intervention methods of the exercise groups were resistance and balance training. Four RCTs (22, 27–29) only evaluated resistance and balance training of the systematic lumbar and back muscles. Eight RCTs (18–21, 23–26) studied resistance and balance training of major muscle groups of the entire body and all four limbs. Three RCTs (18, 21, 26) involved aerobic training. The intervention duration varied from 4 weeks (28) to 1 year (24, 26). The frequency of prescribed training ranged from one session weekly (25) to two sessions daily (28). The prescribed training frequency was not specified in two studies (22, 27). Details of study characteristics and interventions are shown in Table 1.

TABLE 1

Table 1. Characteristics of the included RCT studies.

Methodology quality

The Cochrane Collaboration tool was used to assess the RCT deviation risk on systematic review and meta-analysis. The results of the methodological quality assessment are shown in Figures 2, 3. All studies were judged as low risk of bias in the random sequence generation and selective reporting. Five studies were judged as high-risk of bias in the blinding of participants and personnel (25–29). All studies were judged at low risk of bias in the blinding of outcome assessments, except for one study (28) judged as high-risk. Four studies were judged as high-risk of bias for incomplete outcome data (18–20, 23). Risk of bias assessments are shown in Figures 2, 3.

FIGURE 2

Figure 2. Risk of bias assessment summary of RCTs.

FIGURE 3

Figure 3. Risk of bias items as percentages across all included studies.

Outcome measures

Effect of resistance and balance exercise training on QUALEFFO-41

Seven RCTs (n = 936) assessed the effects of resistance and balance training on QUALEFFO-41 results (18–20, 23, 25, 26, 29). The seven RCT studies showed great heterogeneity (I² = 80%, p < 0.0001, Chi² = 6.31, df = 6); thus, the random effects model was used for analysis. Random effects analysis showed that resistance and balance training significantly decreased QUALEFFO-41 scores compared with those of the control group (mean deviation, MD: −3.65, 95% CI, −5.99 to −1.32, p = 0.002; Figure 4).

FIGURE 4

Figure 4. Forest plot for QUALEFFO-41 scores.

Effect of resistance and balance exercise training On functional reach (FRT)

The FRT was used to measure balancing ability. The FRT was used to measure the effects of resistance and balance training in six RCT studies (n = 917) (18–21, 23, 28). The heterogeneity among the studies was great (I² = 81%, p < 0.0001, Chi² = 25.86, df = 5); thus, the random effects model was used for analysis. Random effects analysis showed that the FRT was significantly increased in the group performing resistance and balance training versus the control group (MD: −1.59, 95% CI, −2.61 to −0.58, p = 0.002; Figure 5).

FIGURE 5

Figure 5. Forest plot for functional reach test (FRT).

Effect of resistance and balance exercise training on VAS

Lumbar back pain was a common complication of OVF. Five RCT studies used a VAS to assess the effect of resistance and balance training (n = 224) (22, 25, 27–29). The heterogeneity among the studies was great (I² = 91%, p < 0.00001, Chi² = 42.60, df = 4); therefore, we used the random effects model for analysis. Random effects analysis showed that the resistance and balance exercise significantly decreased VAS scores in the intervention group compared with controls (MD: −1.59, 95% CI, −2.61 to −0.58, p = 0.002; Figure 6).

FIGURE 6

Figure 6. Forest plot for the VAS.

Effect of resistance and balance exercise training on TUG

The TUG assessed functional mobility. Six RCTs (n = 357) assessed the effect of resistance and balance training on “Time Up and Go” (n = 357) (18, 24–26, 28, 29). There was great heterogeneity among the studies (I² = 93%, p < 0.0001, Chi² = 69.74, df = 5); therefore, the random effects model was used for analysis. Random effects analysis showed that TUG significantly decreased in the resistance and balance exercises group versus controls (MD: −1.98, 95% CI, −3.25 to −0.71, p = 0.002; Figure 7).

FIGURE 7

Figure 7. Forest plot for Timed Up and Go (TUG).

Effect of resistance and balance exercise training on FES-I

FES-I was used to measure the degree of concern about falls during activities of daily living. Three RCT studies used the FES-I to assess the effect of resistance and balance training (n = 387) (19–21). The heterogeneity of the studies was normal (I² = 42%); thus, a fixed effects model was used for analysis. Fixed effect analysis showed that FES-I was significantly decreased in the resistance and balance training group compared with the control group (MD: −1.66, 95% CI, −2.89 to −0.43, p = 0.008; Figure 8).

FIGURE 8

Figure 8. Forest plot for the falls efficacy scale international (FES-I).

Effect of resistance and balance exercise training on kyphosis

Adverse consequences of kyphosis include injurious falls, fractures, functional limitations, mortality, and back pain. Three RCT studies used kyphosis to assess the effect of resistance and balance training (n = 471) (23, 25, 29). The heterogeneity among these studies was low (I² = 0%); thus, the fixed effect model was used for analysis. Fixed effect analysis showed that kyphosis significantly decreased in the resistance and balance exercise group compared with the control group (MD: −4.79, 95% CI, −8.49 to −1.09, p = 0.01; Figure 9).

FIGURE 9

Figure 9. Forest plot for kyphosis.

Subgroup analysis

Age

We conducted subgroup analysis according to age (the mean age of the exercise and control groups combined). The included studies were divided into subgroups of under and over 70 years. Because all VAS studies included had means under 70 years, and those of FES-I were all over 70 years, the outcomes of these two were not included in the subgroup analysis. In the under 70 subgroup, comprehensive analysis showed that the exercise group was superior to the control group in QUALEFFO-41 (MD, −9.30, 95% CI, −12.12, −6.48); TUG (MD, −2.28, 95% CI, −3.48, 1.08); and kyphosis (MD, −4.96, 95% CI, −9.11, −0.80). There was no difference in functional reach (MD, −4.56, 95% CI, −14.50, 5.38). In the over 70 subgroup, the comprehensive analysis found that the training group was superior to the control group in QUALEFFO-41 (MD, −2.13 95% CI, −2.58, −1.69); TUG (MD, −0.90, 95% CI, −1.03, 0.77); and functional reach (MD, 2.97, 95% CI, 2.17, 3.70). There was no difference in kyphosis (MD, −4.15, 95% CI, −12.29, 3.99). Subgroup analysis results are shown in Table 2. The forest plots for subgroup analysis are shown in the Supplementary Documents.

TABLE 2

Table 2. Subgroup analysis by age.

Exercise time

We conducted subgroup analysis of the primary outcomes according to exercise time. The included studies were divided into subgroups of under and over 10 weeks of exercise intervention. On the under 10 weeks subgroup analysis, the comprehensive results show that there was no significant difference between the exercise and control groups in the outcomes of functional reach (MD, −4.56, 95% CI, −14.50, 5.38) and VAS (MD, −1.95, 95% CI, −5.55, 1.66). However, the exercise group scored better than controls on the “QUALEFFO-41” (−2.67, 95% CI, −14.60, −5.30). On analysis of the over 10 weeks subgroup, the comprehensive results showed that the exercise group was superior to the control group in “QUALEFFO-41”(MD, −2.67, 95% CI, −4.82, −0.52); functional reach (MD, 2.97, 95% CI, 2.17, 3.76); and VAS (MD, −1.22, 95% CI,-1.64, −0.79). These subgroup analysis results are shown in Table 3. The forest plot for subgroup analysis are shown in the Supplementary material.

TABLE 3

Table 3. Subgroup analysis by exercise time.

Publication bias

We planned to use a funnel chart to evaluate publication bias, but the number of included trials was few (n = 12), and the number of patients per trial was also too few (9–216). Thus, we were unable to effectively evaluate publication bias.

Discussion

The main purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of resistance and balance exercise training on functional status of patients with OVF, through a systematic review and meta-analysis of RCTs. We identified 12 RCTs of patients with OVF using resistance and balance training as the intervention, with functional status and healthy quality of life as the outcomes. For patients with OVF, resistance and balance training ameliorated functional activity, improved body balance, and reduced the degree of back pain. In addition, the positive effect on OVF was seen only when the resistance and balance training lasted for over 10 weeks, and it has little relationship with the patient’s age.

The outcome measurements identified in this review were in two primary areas: physical activity and balance capacity. In this meta-analysis, the primary outcomes were scores of QUALEFFO-41, VAS, and functional reach. QUALEFFO-41 assesses quality of life in terms of physical function (17 items), pain (5 items), social function (7 items), mental health (9 items) and general health (3 items) (31). At present, it has become one of the most important indicators to evaluate quality of life in patients with osteoporosis (32). In this meta-analysis, resistance and balance exercise comparatively reduced the QUALEFFO-41 (MD:-3.65, 95% CI, −5.99 to −1.32, p = 0.002) in the exercise group, clearly demonstrating the positive significance of the exercise program on quality of life, physical function, and other aspects of OVF patients’ lives. On subgroup analysis, the final outcomes had no significant relationship with age or exercise time. Therefore, patients with OVF should actively perform resistance and balance training, and they should perform it for longer than 10 weeks. Evstigneeva et al. (26) found that resistance and balance training not only significantly reduced the total scores of QUALEFFO-41 but also had an optimistic impact on the individual score of QUALEFFO-41 (26). Functional Reach (FR) is a clinical measurement method to evaluate dynamic balance (33). In this meta-analysis, resistance and balance exercise increased the FR (a better result) (MD:-1.59, 95% CI, −2.61 to −0.58, p = 0.002) of the exercise group, clearly demonstrating the dynamic balance ability that exercise programs can create for patients with OVF. The under 70 years and the under 10 weeks subgroups showed no significant differences on subgroup analysis. On subgroup analysis of the over 70 years and over 10 weeks, the exercise group showed superior FR (age MD, 2.97, 95% CI, 2.17, 3.70; exercise time, MD, 2.97, 95% CI, 2.17, 3.70) to that of the control group. Two subgroups were included within the same outcomes. Previously, Watson et al. studied the impact of 8 months of resistance and impact exercise on postmenopausal women with osteoporosis. Compared with scores of the control group (5.4 ± 7.2% versus 0.1 ± 7.2%, p < 0.001), the FR was significantly increased in the exercise group (95% CI 3.4% to 7.5% versus–1.8 to 2.1%) (34).This is consistent with our results. Pain was one of the most common clinical symptoms in patients with OVF (35). On this meta-analysis, VAS pain scores (MD, −1.59, 95%CI, −2.61 to −0.58, p = 0.002) decreased significantly after resistance and balance training, and the exercise group was significantly better than the controls. On subgroup analysis of under 10 weeks, VAS did not differ in the exercise and control groups. In a subgroup analysis of more than 10 weeks, VAS scores were superior in the exercise group (Exercise time MD, −1.22, 95% CI, −1.64, −0.79) versus the control group. Lyles et al. (35) found that pain led to significantly slower walking speed and greater postural swing. Furthermore, pain reduced muscle strength and increased patients’ fear of falling. Therefore, among patients with OVF, pain both increased the fear of falling and decreased physical performance (36). In this study, the secondary outcomes were TUG, kyphosis and FES-I. TUG is a dynamic balance assessment tool that assesses the quality and strength of muscles and has been used to predict repeated falls (37). Increased kyphosis angle is considered to represent the presence of osteoporosis; it also damages balance and postural stability, reduces gait stability, and increases the risk of falls (38). FES-I has been used to assess the fear of falling in daily sports and social activities, and was closely related to physical balance (39). Therefore, secondary outcomes were used to predict fall risk and were closely related to body balance. In this meta-analysis, the secondary outcomes were significantly better in the exercise versus control group (walking speed MD, −1.26, 95% CI, −1.83 to −0.68, p < 0.0001; TUG MD, −1.98, 95% CI, −3.25 to −0.71, p = 0.002; FES-I MD, −1.66, 95% CI, −2.89 to −0.43, p = 0.008; kyphosis MD, −4.79, 95%CI, −8.49 to −1.09, p = 0.01). OVF is often accompanied by back pain, hunchback, motor dysfunction, and psychological distress, including anxiety, depression, and fear. Through the above indicators, we found that patients with OVF who performed resistance and balance training experienced significantly reduced pain and fear of falling, improved motor and balance function, and ultimately, may reduce repeat falls risk. The intervention had positive significance for patients’ physiological and psychological improvement overall.

Few studies are currently assessing the effects of exercise programs on patients with OVF. Cochrane recently published a review in this area but did not reach a definitive conclusion (40). In the review, Gibbs et al. (40) studied nine randomized controlled trials or semi-randomized trials to evaluate the benefits and hazards of exercise intervention for 4 weeks or more on patients with OVF. They assessed the incidence of re-fracture, pain, falls, health-related quality of life, physical function, and adverse events. They concluded that exercise might improve the patient’s physical fitness, but they did not determine the impact of exercise on falls, accidental fractures, or adverse events. This contrasted with our results. One explanation for the divergence in our results and the data of Gibbs et al. (40) was that the exercise program they investigated was non-specific. The type and intensity of exercise cannot be ignored (40–42). The review by Gibbs et al. (40) involved any type of exercise, including resistance training, balance training, aerobic exercise, tai chi, or other personalized programs. This non-specificity would mean greater results heterogeneity and thus, influence the conclusion. Although there have been some evidence-based recommendations (43, 44) for exercise programs, an optimal program has not yet been determined. The latest clinical prevention and treatment guidelines for osteoporosis strongly recommend that patients carry out a multicomponent program including resistance and balance training and back muscle exercise plans (45). Such an exercise program should enhance muscle strength, improve balance, improve functional status, and ultimately reduce the risk of falls (46, 47). Falling is well known as an important risk factor for fracture (48). For female patients with osteoporosis, falls will increase the risk of spinal fracture 2.5-fold and hip fracture 3.1-fold (49). Therefore, patients with OVF need to perform more resistance and balance exercise; this is consistent with our recommendations.

A resistance and balance training program can improve muscle strength, quality, functional activity, and cardiopulmonary function (50–52) and reduce the risk of falls in older populations (53). Resistance and balance training programs have also positively impacted many diseases, including stroke (54), Parkinson’s disease (55), hypertension (56), musculoskeletal pain (57), cardiovascular disease (58), and anxiety symptoms (59). In our review, the intervention program was limited to resistance and balance exercise programs, which reduced the degree of low back pain and improved physical function and quality of life. However, on completing our research, it was clear that there was limited information available regarding resistance and balance motion programs and patients with OVF. To date, there is no specific exercise scheme. Given the complexity of these issues, research conducted within this area appears to lack consistency. Therefore, we explored one specific exercise scheme. In this program, patients were required to complete some warm-up aerobic exercise before the official start. In this movement stage, small and medium-sized muscle groups, and limb joints moved dynamically. The patients began formal exercise after 10 min of warm-up. For this, stood on different surfaces with one leg; the other leg performed various movements to improve their physical balance. The patients could perform chest presses and biceps curls with suitable dumbbells or carry out upright rows for upper back strength and posture. During these activities, the patient actively contracts the scapula and back muscles. This was followed by a series of exercises for enhancing lower extremity muscle strength, e.g., walking backwards, forwards and sideways, climbing steps and performing squats (holding dumbbells or not). Back muscle training developed gradually into five-point, three-point, and one-point support training, progressing from simple to difficult. In this stage, the main muscle groups and joints performed dynamic movements, which enhanced the strength and function of the muscles of the extremities, abdomen, and waist, and improved posture. The program ended with a cool-down period, stretching the muscles of the limbs. In addition to the resistance and balance training, we recommended that patients should exercise for 10 weeks, as soon as possible under the supervision and guidance of medical professionals; this might reduce the probability of falls.

There were limitations to our meta-analysis. The quality of research methods included in this review was variable, but overall, quality was medium to high. Nonetheless, since all studies were observational, there was still the possibility of bias and/or confusion. There were too few studies (n = 12) to adequately assess publication bias. On the other hand, due to the small number of studies included, we were only able to conduct subgroup analysis on the primary outcomes. Fortunately, the subgroup analysis supported our conclusions. In addition, the starting time for the resistance and balance training the severity of vertebral fracture (number of vertebral fractures and reduction in body weight) in OVF patients were not clear; this contributed substantially to heterogeneity. In the future, we will seek to identify the correlation of treatment effects with the start time of exercise intervention. It would also be of interest to evaluate outcome measures besides symptom rating scales, such as bone mineral density, cost-effectiveness, or to show heterogeneity of treatment effects.

Conclusion

The resistance and balance exercise training enhanced muscle strength, improved functional activity and balance, reduced pain and fear of falling, which may prevents falls in patients with OVF. For patients of any age with OVF, a resistance and balance exercise training program lasting at least 10 weeks and beginning as early as possible will be beneficial regarding quality of life and activities of daily living. For future research, we will investigate a specific exercise scheme. We will aim to determine the best time for patients to begin the resistance and balance training, and we plan a multicenter, large sample RCT to determine the positive effects of this program.

Data availability statement

The raw data supporting the conclusions of this article will be made available by the authors, without undue reservation.

Author contributions

XL and ZH conceived the idea for this paper, wrote the protocol, conducted the literature review, and contributed to writing. WC, QC, and FFL extracted the data and edited the manuscript. CC, PL, and FYL conducted research quality assessment. SG and PC conducted a statistical analysis. WY, DL, and SW contributed to writing and editing. All authors contributed to the article and approved the submitted version.

Funding

This study was funded by the National Key Research and Development Program (no: 2019YFC1709905), Three year Action Plan of Shanghai to Further Accelerate the Inheritance, Innovation and Development of Traditional Chinese Medicine (ZY(2021-2023)-0201-01), Pudong New Area Health System Pudong Famous Physician Training Plan (PWRzm2020-15) and Xuhui District Artificial Intelligence Medical Hospital Local Cooperation Project (2021-016).

Acknowledgments

The authors thank Editage for major contributions to the paper’s English editing and thank for the technical guidance of Liang Shibing from the Evidence based Medicine Center of Beijing University of Traditional Chinese Medicine.

Conflict of interest

The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.

Publisher’s note

All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article, or claim that may be made by its manufacturer, is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher.

Supplementary material

The Supplementary material for this article can be found online at: https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fmed.2023.1135063/full#supplementary-material

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