Abstract
Objective:
It is a big problem that many older adults are physically inactive. Well-known benefits of physical exercise include a decrease in the risk of cognitive decline and physical frailty. Therefore, this study aims to examine whether our proposed exercise program can prevent cognitive decline and improve physical function in the elderly.
Methods:
This study will include nondemented older adults (n = 160) without regular exercise habits. The trial will include a physical exercise training program (once a week) and nutritional lectures (once a month) over 5 months and follow-up for ≥1 year. The primary endpoint is the program’s efficacy in preventing cognitive decline, as assessed by changes in the memory performance index of the mild cognitive impairment (MCI) screen; the secondary endpoints are the incidence of MCI and dementia, physical testing, and frailty proportion. In the exploratory phase of the study, we will elucidate the underlying diseases causing MCI in community-dwelling older adults by neuroimaging.
Discussion:
This double-arm trial that aims to assess the impact of physical exercise on nondemented older adults’ cognitive and physical function. Furthermore, our newly developed exercise program will be easy for older adults to undertake.
Clinical Trial Registration: https://clinicaltrials.gov/, identifier [jRCT 1040220140].
1. Introduction
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) disease-modifying therapy can be useful, particularly during the mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and preclinical stages. Additionally, nonpharmacological approaches to MCI, such as lifestyle-based dementia prevention programs, including exercise and nutrition, can be efficacious for preventing or delaying the onset of dementia (Ngandu et al., 2015); to this end, early detection of MCI is essential. The prevalence of MCI among community-dwelling older adults has been reported at 17.0% (Ninomiya et al., 2020); however, the underlying diseases causing MCI are not sufficiently known because most patients with MCI do not go to the hospital or undergo either magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) or detailed cognitive tests.
Many older adults are physically inactive (Lee et al., 2012), although the health benefits of physical activity are well-known (World Health Organization, 2022). Physical exercise has been reported to reduce the risk of cognitive decline and physical frailty in older adults (Erickson et al., 2011; Cadore et al., 2014; Kulmala et al., 2014). In Japan, fractures and joint diseases, as well as dementia, are the two major diseases requiring nursing care for the elderly. If older adults would do a physical exercise routine, the number of older adults in long-term nursing care could decrease. However, in this country, only 44.4% of men and 37.1% of women ≥75 years old reported having a physical exercise routine (Cabinet Office, 2020). Therefore, an exercise program that would help older adults engage in a physical exercise routine is necessary.
Recently, we started a project for better diagnosing and preventing MCI among community-dwelling adults. A 10-min self-administered, electronically scored test called MCI screen (Cho et al., 2008; Shankle et al., 2009) is used to detect patients with MCI among nondemented elderly people. With respect to preventing dementia, we developed a physical exercise training program which is easy to start and continue for older adults, including multitasking, resistance, and aerobic exercises. We want to examine if the exercise program can reduce the risks of cognitive decline and physical frailty in this population.
The aims of this study are to examine whether the exercise program (i) can prevent cognitive decline and (ii) improve physical function and to elucidate the underlying diseases resulting in MCI among community-dwelling older adults.
2. Methods and analysis
2.1. Study design
Nondemented older adults, including those with MCI (≥65 years) who do not have regular exercise habits will be recruited via local advertisements in Hakusan-city, Ishikawa Prefecture, Japan. This is an open label 1-year double-arm study that will be conducted in geriatric clinics and senior day care center in Japan. Figure 1 illustrates the study’s time course and Figure 2 shows flow chart of participants. Older adults will undergo the MCI screen which is used to detect patients with MCI, and all subjects with scores both above and below the cutoff of MCI screen except for subjects with dementia will be encouraged to participate in exercise classes.
Figure 1
Study time course.
Figure 2
Flow chart of participants.
2.2. Inclusion and exclusion criteria
The only inclusion criterium is age ≥ 65 years. The exclusion criteria include the following: (i) prohibition from exercising by a medical doctor, (ii) a diagnosis of dementia, and (iii) a nursing care level of the long-term care insurance (LTCI). In Japan, LTCI is a mandatory social insurance program that assists disabled older adults with daily living activities (Tamiya et al., 2011).
2.3. Intervention program
2.3.1. Physical exercise training program
The intervention comprises individually tailored exercises, including multitasking, resistance, and aerobic exercises (Table 1). All training will be conducted at the gym once a week and guided by exercise therapists during the first 5 months. The resistance exercise program is standardized to include exercises for the six main muscle groups (quadriceps femoris muscle, hamstring muscle, latissimus dorsi and arm muscles, and abdominal and back muscles). The aerobic exercise program can be either cycling on an ergometer or treadmill running. The complete training program is supervised by professors of exercise physiology and exercise therapists.
Table 1
| Multitask exercise | ||
| Exercise frequency per week | 1 | |
| Exercise duration (min) | 15 | |
| Resistance exercise | ||
| Exercise frequency per week | 1 | |
| Exercise duration (min) | 20 | |
| Aerobic exercise | ||
| Exercise frequency per week | 1 | |
| Exercise duration (min) | 30 | |
Physical exercise training program.
2.3.2. Nutritional lectures
All participants will attend lectures on the principles of a healthy diet once a month during the first 5 months provided by the study nutritionist. The nutritionist will teach about a low-salt diet, diet to prevent diabetes and dyslipidemia, and protein intake to prevent frailty. Questionnaire on eating habit is obtained to assess the adherence to the proposal diet at baseline, the 5-month and 1-year follow-ups.
2.4. Screening, baseline, follow-up, and outcome measurements
Data will be obtained at four different times: at screening, at baseline, at the 5-month and 1-year follow-ups. The schedule for the variables to be measured is shown in Table 2. Cognitive test (MCI screen), physical test, body composition, questionnaire on nutrition/medical history/regular exercise will be performed at screening or at baseline and 5 months later. Additionally, the MCI screen, questionnaire on medical history/regular exercise will be obtained at 1-year visit.
Table 2
| SC | Baseline | 5-month | 1-year | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| MCI screen | â—Ź | â—Ź | â—Ź | |
| Physical test | â—Ź | â—Ź | ||
| Body composition | â—Ź | â—Ź | ||
| Nutrition questionnaire | â—Ź | â—Ź | ||
| Questionnaire on medical history | â—Ź | â—Ź | â—Ź | |
| Questionnaire on regular exercise | â—Ź | â—Ź | â—Ź |
Schedule for the participants of the study.
2.4.1. Primary outcome measures
The primary outcome is the program’s efficacy in preventing cognitive decline, as assessed by changes in the memory performance index (MPI) scores of the MCI screen between the screening and 5-month and 1-year follow ups. We will compare between exercise participants and nonparticipants.
2.4.2. Secondary outcome measures
Secondary outcomes include (i) the proportion of people who exercise regularly, (ii) the incidence of MCI and dementia at 1-year follow-up, (iii) changes in physical tests, (iv) body composition, and (v) the proportion of people who are frail and prefrail.
2.4.3. Exploratory examination
For participants whose MPI is below the cutoff score at the screening or follow-up, a mini-mental state examination-Japanese (MMSE-J), brain MRI, 123I-iodoamphetamine (IMP)-cerebral blood flow single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT), and blood chemistry analysis [hemoglobinA1c, thyroid hormone, Treponema pallidum (TP) antigen STS test, TP antibody LA test, folic acid, vitamins B1 and B12] will be performed to elucidate the underlying disease of cognitive decline. Furthermore, subjects relevant to ≥1 of the following items are recommended for additional examinations: (i) low scores on the MMSE-J (<26 points) or zero points in the delayed recall sub-item, (ii) abnormality of disease-specific region on 123I-IMP-SPECT, such as the posterior cingulate, precuneus, and occipital lobe, (iii) hippocampal atrophy (>1.8 on the Voxel-based Specific Regional analysis system for Alzheimer’s Disease: VSRAD), (iv) severe leukoaraiosis. The additional examinations will include the Wechsler Memory Scale-Revised (WMS-R), 11C-Pittsburgh compound-B (PiB)-positoron emission tomography (PET), and 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG)-PET to diagnose the underlying diseases, including AD, vascular dementia (VaD), and Dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB).
We will investigate the relationships between program’s efficacy on cognitive function and amyloid pathology (positive or negative of PiB-PET) or arteriosclerotic factors (hypertension, diabetes mellitus, and dyslipidemia). We will also explore the association between the results of various examination such as brain MRI, 123I-IMP-SPECT, 11C-PiB, and 18F-FDG-PET and the progression of cognitive decline.
2.4.4. MCI screen
The MCI screen requires 10 min; the MPI quantifies the pattern of recalled and nonrecalled words on a 0–100 scale, with lower scores indicating worsening cognition. It can distinguish healthy people from MCI with 96–97% accuracy (Shankle et al., 2009). We used a cutoff point of 50.2 to distinguish MCI.
2.4.5. Diagnosis of MCI, dementia and its subtypes
MCI is defined by Petersen’s criteria (Petersen et al., 2001), and dementia is diagnosed according to the major neurocognitive disorder of Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition (DSM-5) (American Psychiatric Association, 2013). In addition, to precisely diagnose MCI due to AD and AD dementia, we will use the National Institute on Aging and Alzheimer’s Association research framework (Jack et al., 2018). The diagnosis of other dementia subtypes will be made based on the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke-Association International pour la Recherche et I’Enseignement en Neurosciences criteria (Román et al., 1993) for VaD and the Fourth Consensus Report of the Dementia with Lewy Bodies Consortium (McKeith et al., 2017) for DLB. Clinical information, including neuroimaging findings, will be used for AD, VaD, and DLB diagnosis. Expert neurologists in the study team will adjudicate every case of dementia.
2.5. Assessment of physical frailty
Physical frailty and its phenotype will be assessed according to Fried criteria and the revised Japanese version of the Cardiovascular Health Study criteria (revised J-CHS criteria) (Fried et al., 2001; Satake and Arai, 2020), namely, weight loss, slowness, weakness, exhaustion, and low physical activity.
2.6. Sample size and statistical considerations
Assuming an alpha error of 5% (α = 5%) and a difference between intervention participants and nonparticipants groups exercise program values of d = 0.5, the required sample size for an 80% power is 64 participants per group. Considering a 20% expected loss to follow-up, the final sample size should be 160.
For comparisons between baseline and follow-up, repeated measures ANOVA will be used. The level of statistical significance will be 0.05. Data will be analyzed using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences software (version 28; SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, United States).
3. Discussion
Physical exercise is a promising intervention with strong potential to prevent or delay the onset of cognitive decline and physical frailty in older adults. Our study aims to assess the impact of a novel exercise program on older adults’ cognitive and physical function. We expect that older adults who complete the exercise program will show better cognitive and physical function than those who do participate in the exercise program. Moreover, we expect that our newly developed exercise program will be easy to start and continue for older adults. The one-year follow-up period may seem to short, however, it was reported that aerobic exercise training improved memory 6-months and 1-year after intervention (Erickson et al., 2011). Therefore, we believe we can achieve the primary outcome, which is the program’s efficacy on cognition, by comparing between exercise participants and nonparticipants in a1-year follow-up.
The multi-domain intervention studies have demonstrated mixed outcomes (Ngandu et al., 2015; van Charante et al., 2016; Andrieu et al., 2017). The large-scale open label, 6-year multidomain cardiovascular intervention trial with people aged 70–78 years old (n = 3,526) (van Charante et al., 2016), and the Multidomain Alzheimer Preventive Trial (MAPT) using polyunsaturated fatty acids, cognitive training, physical activity for 3 years with people aged 70 years old and over (n = 1,689) (Andrieu et al., 2017) both had no significant effects on cognitive decline; whereas the Finnish Geriatric Intervention Study to Prevent Cognitive Impairment and Disability (FINGER) trial demonstrated the effectiveness on delaying cognitive decline (Ngandu et al., 2015). This 2-year randomized controlled trial obtained 1,260 people with 60–77 years old. In our study, we will examine the effect of regular exercise on the prevention of cognitive decline.
The novelty of our study is to examine whether the exercise program is able to reduce the risk of cognitive decline in older adults with MCI due to AD according to biomarkers. We will investigate the association between AD biomarkers and progression of cognitive decline in this trial. High levels of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) total tau levels and low levels of CSF amyloid-β1–42 were reported to be predictors of rapid cognitive decline in AD (Koch et al., 2013). In the Amyloid Tau Neurodegeneration (ATN) framework, amyloid positive in PiB-PET and low levels of CSF amyloid-β1–42 are amyloid markers, and AD findings of FDG-PET and hippocampal atrophy in MRI as well as high levels of CSF total tau are neurodegeneration markers. It was also reported the potential link between atherosclerosis and amyloid metabolism (Martorana et al., 2015). We will clarify the association between amyloid pathology, the presence of arteriosclerotic factors, and the exercise program’s efficacy in cognition.
A major limitation of this study is its nonrandomized control design. However, we hope to demonstrate that starting and continuing physical exercise can prevent cognitive decline and improve physical function in older adults. Additionally, we will elucidate the proportion of MCI due to AD with amyloid biomarker among community-dwelling older adults with MCI.
4. Dissemination
The results of our study will be presented in peer-reviewed journals. We have a plan to publish secondary analyses of our study and present at international conferences. We will also present the main results to our participants. For Original Research Articles, Clinical Trial Articles, and Technology Reports the Introduction should be succinct, with no subheadings. For Case Reports the Introduction should include symptoms at presentation, physical exams and lab results.
Funding
This work was partially supported by Grants-in-Aid for Scientific Research (Kakenhi) from the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (JSPS) [grant number JP21K18425].
Publisher’s note
All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article, or claim that may be made by its manufacturer, is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher.
Statements
Ethics statement
The research protocol was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Kanazawa University Medical Ethics Review Board (approval number 114156–1) and was conducted under the Declaration of Helsinki. All participants provided written informed consent for participation. The trial was registered, and a study protocol was uploaded to the Japan Registry of Clinical Trials with the identifier jRCT 1,040,220,140. The protocol employs relevant standard protocol items for clinical trials according to the CONSORT statement.
Author contributions
MN-S, KY, KM, MK, and KO conceptualized the study and contributed to the study design. JK and MY collaborated to implement specific procedures. MN-S contributed to writing. KO was the principal investigator on the study, drafted the manuscript, and directed its implementation, including quality assurance and control. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
Acknowledgments
We would like to thank Longevity care section of Hakusan city and all volunteered participants.
Conflict of interest
The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.
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Summary
Keywords
older adults, physical exercise, cognitive decline, physical frailty, mild cognitive impairment
Citation
Noguchi-Shinohara M, Yokoyama K, Komatsu J, Masuda K, Kouno M, Yoshita M and Ono K (2023) Exercise program to reduce the risk of cognitive decline and physical frailty in older adults: study protocol for an open label double-arm clinical trial. Front. Aging Neurosci. 15:1162765. doi: 10.3389/fnagi.2023.1162765
Received
10 February 2023
Accepted
02 May 2023
Published
19 May 2023
Volume
15 - 2023
Edited by
Alessandro Martorana, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Italy
Reviewed by
Francesco Di Lorenzo, Santa Lucia Foundation (IRCCS), Italy; Caterina Motta, Santa Lucia Foundation (IRCCS), Italy
Updates
Copyright
© 2023 Noguchi-Shinohara, Yokoyama, Komatsu, Masuda, Kouno, Yoshita and Ono.
This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.
*Correspondence: Kenjiro Ono, onoken@med.kanazawa-u.ac.jp
Disclaimer
All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article or claim that may be made by its manufacturer is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher.