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POLICY AND PRACTICE REVIEWS article

Front. Agron.

Sec. Pest Management

Volume 7 - 2025 | doi: 10.3389/fagro.2025.1660772

This article is part of the Research TopicPest-Smart Strategies For Improved Eco-Efficiency In Agriculture, Forestry And CommunitiesView all 5 articles

Can we resolve the pesticide quandary with eco-efficiency metrics?

Provisionally accepted
Elizabeth  KreickElizabeth Kreick1*Roger  D MagareyRoger D Magarey1Madison  LoveMadison Love1,2Danesha  Seth CarleyDanesha Seth Carley1
  • 1North Carolina State University, Raleigh, United States
  • 2University of Georgia, Athens, United States

The final, formatted version of the article will be published soon.

More than fifty years after the publication of Silent Spring, the United States continues to struggle with balancing the benefits of pesticide use against their environmental and public health costs. These costs are also known as pesticide externalities because these are paid by society at large rather than factored into the costs of production. A major contributing factor to this imbalance is the absence of standardized, widely adopted metrics and tools for assessing and reducing pesticide externalities in day-to-day agricultural production and urban pest management. This leaves producers, consumers, and policymakers without clear guidance for decision-making. Researchers are also impacted, left without coordinated direction or incentives to focus their work on the reduction of pesticide externalities. This has contributed to what we call the Pesticide Quandary: a social-ecological trap in which dependence on chemical controls perpetuates feedback loops of increasing pesticide resistance and pesticide externalities. Addressing this systemic challenge requires rethinking policies, incentives, and research agendas. Historically, Integrated Pest Management (IPM) was promoted as a strategy to mitigate the Pesticide Quandary with some notable success stories. However, a lack of clear metrics to measure IPM's impact on pesticide externalities has limited federal support for IPM adoption by producers and also funding for IPM research and Extension. Eco-efficiency offers a potential solution to the Pesticide Quandary by tracking and incentivizing IPM practices that reduce pesticide externalities while sustaining agricultural productivity. Eco-efficiency is a strategy used to improve environmental outcomes in a variety of industries. A simple eco-efficiency score can be calculated from the productivity of a crop divided by the total toxicity of the pesticides applied. An eco-efficiency framework offers a standardized method for quantifying, tracking and incentivizing increased productivity and reductions in environmental and human health externalities from pesticides and improvements in productivity. Key recommendations include the development of standardized eco-efficiency scoring systems, their integration into decision support tools, and regulatory policies that encourage the adoption of sustainable pest management practices. This analysis underscores the need for measurable, incentive-driven frameworks to break the negative feedback cycle of the Pesticide Quandary and promote long-term sustainability in agricultural and urban systems.

Keywords: Eco-efficiency, Integrated Pest Management, Pesticides, Pesticide policy, policy, life cycle analysis (LCA), Pesticide Externalities, Toxicology

Received: 06 Jul 2025; Accepted: 07 Oct 2025.

Copyright: © 2025 Kreick, Magarey, Love and Carley. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) or licensor are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

* Correspondence: Elizabeth Kreick, eakreic@ncsu.edu

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