ORIGINAL RESEARCH article
Front. Anim. Sci.
Sec. Animal Nutrition
Mechanisms of Anti-nutritional Factor Degradation and Quality Enhancement in Soybean Meal via Rpf-mediated Microbiota Synergy and Bacillus Reinforcement during Solid-State Fermentation
Provisionally accepted
- 1Hebei University, Baoding, China
- 2Hebei Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Shijiazhuang, China
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As the core protein source in livestock and poultry feed, soybean meal has its nutritional value limited by anti-nutritional factors (ANFs). This study innovatively combined the Resuscitation Promoting Factor (Rpf) of Micrococcus luteus with Bacillus velezensis and B. amyloliquefaciens in a solid-state fermentation. The aim was to activate functional microbial communities within the system, enabling synergistic degradation of ANFs and improve the nutritional quality of soybean meal. Results demonstrated that the Rpf-treated group significantly accelerated the degradation of glycinin, β-conglycinin, and trypsin inhibitor (the degradation efficiency within 48 hours was 1.28-2.0 times of the control group), while enhancing the enzyme activities of acid protease, amylase, and cellulase. Microbial diversity analysis revealed that Rpf promoted the proliferation of Bacillota by 18.91 This is a provisional file, not the final typeset article percentage points and concurrently suppressed potential pathogenic bacteria, reducing their genus diversity from 8 to 3 and their cumulative relative abundance from 18.5% to 4.88%. Metabolomics profiling indicated that the Rpf-treated group upregulated key metabolites, including phospholipids, amino acids (e.g., serine and arginine), and vitamins. This was accompanied by enhanced glycerophospholipid metabolism and isoflavone biosynthesis pathways, which collectively improved the antioxidant and antibacterial properties of soybean meal. The study confirms that Rpf optimizes the fermentation system through the "functional bacterial resuscitation-Bacillus synergy" mechanism, providing a theoretical foundation and technical strategy for efficient soybean meal biotransformation and feed quality enhancement.
Keywords: Soybean meal, solid-state fermentation, resuscitation promoting factor (Rpf), Bacillus, Anti-nutritional factor degradation, Microbial flora synergy
Received: 24 Sep 2025; Accepted: 10 Nov 2025.
Copyright: © 2025 Zhang, Xie, Ma, Hu and Zhang. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) or licensor are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.
* Correspondence:
Dong Hu, donghu1983@163.com
Xiumin Zhang, zhxiumin1106@126.com
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