Introduction
The pathogenesis of intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) can be divided into two distinct injury phases. Almost immediately following ICH, mechanical tissue disruption and mass effect induces primary brain injury, followed by an activated immune response to damaged brain cells and products of red blood cell lysis that drives a secondary wave of brain injury. Secondary brain injury causes increased intracranial pressure and worse pathological outcomes in both pre-clinical models and in ICH patients (Wang, ). Modulating the immune response represents a realistic target for therapeutics after ICH, however to date a precise understanding of the specific neuroinflammatory landscape in ICH is currently lacking. Although anti-inflammatory trials for ICH have started, these are based on observations from ischemic stroke and subarachnoid hemorrhage trials (Galea et al., ; BLOC-ICH, ; Smith et al., ). Using transcriptomic profiling to improve our fundamental understanding of the molecular regulation of inflammation after ICH could reveal new therapeutic strategies for patients to improve clinical outcomes after stroke.
Leukocytes can contribute to both neuroprotection and neurodegeneration after ICH-induced brain injury. Following primary injury, extravasation of leukocytes into the brain parenchyma contributes to a rise in intracranial pressure and oedema. Activated innate immune cells, such as macrophages and neutrophils, are recruited from the periphery to the brain and generate free radicals that contribute to oxidative damage of neurons (Zhao et al., 2007). Conversely, activated microglia and brain macrophages, are also essential for haematoma clearance and recovery after ICH (Zhao et al., 2015). Studying the transcriptomic profile in these cell types will contribute to our understanding of how these cells are regulated following ICH and may highlight specific molecular targets to modulate the inflammatory response to benefit patients.
Here, we employed a zebrafish larval model of spontaneous ICH (bubblehead; bbh) to identify a transcriptomic signature of the innate immune response in the secondary injury phase following ICH. The bbh mutant has a hypomorphic mutation in βpix, resulting in leaky neurovasculature at a critical developmental timepoint (Liu et al., ). Zebrafish larvae represent a useful alternative in vivo system for studying ICH pre-clinically. Unlike more commonly used rodent models, ICH in bbh mutant zebrafish larvae can occur without the need for invasive surgical procedures and thereby mimic the spontaneous nature of the human condition more closely. We have previously characterized disease outcomes in the zebrafish bbh model which recapitulates key pathological outcomes observed in mammalian models and patients (Crilly et al., , ). The secondary injury response in zebrafish larvae is identified by an increase in macrophage recruitment and activation within the head at 24 h post injury, whilst neutrophils are the most numerous leukocyte population at this developmental stage. Using a double transgenic zebrafish reporter line crossed onto the mutant bbh background, we isolated macrophages and neutrophils from this period of secondary injury 24 h after ICH and performed transcriptomic profiling using RNA-Seq analyses (Figure 1). Data acquired in this study showed differential gene expression in leukocytes between ICH– and ICH+ groups, in addition to the differences between the two cell types (Figure 2).
Figure 1
Figure 2
Transcriptomic approaches have been performed by others using clinical ICH samples (Dykstra-Aiello et al., ; Sang et al., ) which are mostly acquired from peripheral blood, but most recently include longitudinal transcriptomic profiling in myeloid cells obtained from haematoma samples (Askenase et al., ). We propose that our zebrafish dataset can be used to make cell-specific, cross-species comparisons to strengthen our understanding of the evolutionarily conserved transcriptional changes that occur in innate immune cells following spontaneous ICH and to highlight translationally relevant candidate molecular targets for the future treatment of the disease.
Methods
Zebrafish (Danio Rerio) Strains
Zebrafish were raised and maintained at The University of Manchester Biological Services Unit under standard conditions as previously described (Westerfield, 2000). Adult zebrafish husbandry was approved by the University of Manchester Animal Welfare and Ethical Review Board. All experiments were performed in accordance with U.K. Home Office regulations (PPL:P132EB6D7) and reported according to ARRIVE guidelines (Percie du Sert et al., ). Transgenic lines used in this study include the macrophage-specific lineage mpeg1:mCherry [constructed in-house as previously described (Ellett et al., )] and the neutrophil-specific mpo:GFP (Renshaw et al., ), crossed onto the mutant bbhm292 (Liu et al., ) background. Fertilized embryos were collected from natural spawning and incubated at 28.5°C in standard E3 embryo medium and staged according to standard guidelines (Kimmel et al., ). Zebrafish larvae were terminated at 72 h post fertilization (hpf) using a lethal overdose of 4% MS222 anesthesia prior to tissue dissociation. Surplus embryos were terminated and confirmed dead by freezing at −20°C.
ICH Model
Larvae from heterozygous adult bbh Tg[mpo:GFP;mpeg1:mcherry] (referred to as mpo:mpeg) in-crosses were collected and light microscopy used to identify brain hemorrhages (ICH+) in homozygotes, which were separated from non-hemorrhaged (ICH–) heterozygous and wild-type siblings at ~52 hpf. At 72 hpf, 24 h after injury, larvae were collected for tissue dissociation.
Image Acquisition
To verify the presence of double transgenic expression and brain hemorrhage, larvae were screened at 72 hpf using a Leica M205 FA Stereo fluorescence microscope and a DFC365FX camera. Bbh mpo:mpeg ICH– and ICH+ groups were anesthetised briefly using 0.2% MS222 and expression of both GFP-positive neutrophils and mCherry-positive macrophages was confirmed. Representative images were acquired (Figure 1B) at 100X and 35X visual magnification with 1X optical objective and processed with LAS X software (V1.0.10).
Tissue Preparation
Larvae were collected as three biological replicates at 72 hpf. To isolate specific immune cell populations, anesthetized groups of ICH- and ICH+ mpo:mpeg double transgenic embryos (n = 250 each group, per replicate) were washed twice in PBS and lysed using 250 μl 10X TrypLE (Life Technologies) and 250 μl 10 mg/ml collagenase/dispase (Roche) per 100 embryos. Samples were incubated at 28.5°C for 30 min and triturated repeatedly. 5 μl DNaseI (Invitrogen) and 50 μl of 10X DNaseI buffer was added and the solution was incubated for a further 30 min until a single cell suspension was obtained. Cells were isolated and resuspended in 500 μl PBS with DNaseI before sorting for fluorescence.
Fluorescence-Activated Cell Sorting
Single cell suspensions were run on the BD FACSAria Fusion at The University of Manchester Flow Cytometry Core facility. Approximately 1,000–3,000 cells expressing mCherry (macrophages) and GFP (neutrophils) were separated after excluding debris, dead cells by FSC-SSC and doublets. Cells were sorted directly into RLT (Qiagen) with β-mercaptoethanol (Life Technologies) at a 10:1 ratio for downstream processing.
RNA Extraction and Sequencing Analysis
In order to extract RNA from samples with low cell numbers, a single cell RNA extraction kit (Norgen Biotek Corp P4-0164) was used to elute 8 μl of purified RNA according to manufacturer's instructions. Samples (n = 3) from both ICH– and ICH+ conditions for isolated macrophages and neutrophils were shipped on dry ice to Theragen Etex Bio Institute in South Korea for sequencing. Briefly, quality control was performed and cDNA libraries were generated using the SMART-Seq V4 Ultra Low Input RNA Kit (Takara Bio) and samples were sequenced on the NovaSeq 6000 15-bp Pair End platform. Analysis for comparative expression was performed in-house using Ingenuity Pathway Analysis (Qiagen). Reads were filtered with Trimmomatic (v0.36) (Bolger et al., ). Filtered fastq files were aligned to the zebrafish GENCODE genome (GRCz11) using STAR (v2.5.3) (Dobin et al., ). Filtered reads were then sorted, compressed, and unaligned reads removed using samtools (v1.3) (Li et al., ; Li, ). Aligned reads were then counted, normalized, and compared, respectively, using the Cuffquant, Cuffnorm, and Cuffdiff function of Cufflinks (v2.2.2) (Trapnell et al., ).
Data Analysis
Statistical analysis was carried out using Ingenuity Pathway Analysis software (Qiagen) to determine p-value significance and q value false discovery rate (Krämer et al., ). Data presentation was performed using GraphPad Prism (v8.1.2) in Figure 2B. Gene ontology enrichment analysis was carried out and visualized using Networks Analyst 3.0 (https://www.networkanalyst.ca/), to determine enriched biological pathways. Genes that were differentially expressed (p < 0.05 and q <0.05) in leukocytes (neutrophils−139 genes; macrophages−63 genes) from ICH+ larvae when compared to ICH– are visualized in Figure 2C. The full list of genes is presented in shared file doi: 10.6084/m9.figshare.13664606(CrillyCooper2021.xlsx).
Data Records
The full RNA-Seq dataset is available on the figshare data sharing platform doi: 10.6084/m9.figshare.13664606. Data from the Theragen Etex Bioinformatics team are presented in an.xlsx file and contains raw expression data readings from each repeat in both leukocyte samples. Sheets containing gene name information corresponding to the ensembl gene ID for all 32,053 identified genes is included. Further sheets provide lists of significant differentially expressed genes in neutrophils and macrophages, respectively.
Technical Validation
Phenotypic Analysis of Larvae
To confirm the presence of hemorrhage at 52 hpf and the expression of transgenic genes, larvae were visualized using fluorescence stereomicroscopy for screening. Homozygous bbh mutant larvae hemorrhage spontaneously at ~33 hpf, and blood is visible using non-invasive light microscopy until ~100 hpf. Representative images of mpo:mpeg double positive ICH+ larvae are shown (Figure 1B) Only larvae with confirmed ICH and double transgenic expression were selected for tissue digestion and analysis. Surplus larvae were terminated as outlined above.
Quality Control of FACS Analysis
To ensure the separation of transgenic cells into populations of different leukocytes, single, live cells were selected based on expression of mCherry (macrophages) or GFP (neutrophils). Data was gated to exclude debris and doublets and quality analysis (Figure 1C) shows exclusion of double transgenic singlets.
Quality Assessment of RNA and RNA-Seq Data
A low overall RNA yield from isolated cells resulted in use of the SMART-Seq Ultra Low Input RNA kit (Takara Bio) for cDNA synthesis, amplification, purification, and validation. This protocol was optimized for between 10 pg and 10 ng of RNA. All samples were checked for quality control prior to quantitative analysis. Sample information (Supplementary Table 1) shows total number of reads and bases expressed for each sample, including a Q30 MoreBasesRate showing the proportion of nucleotides greater than Phred quality score of 30. Additional quality checks were carried out by FastQC Software and overall quality scores across all bases is shown (Figure 1D).
Primary Analysis
Primary analysis of our data revealed a list of genes which are dysregulated in leukocytes after ICH when compared to ICH– controls. Visualization of these data in Figure 2A shows macrophages appear to upregulate expression of more genes in response to hemorrhage (10414) compared to neutrophils (9681) and less than half of these genes are shared between cell types (4865). Figure 2B shows all dysregulated genes in a volcano plot separated for each cell type. Significantly differentially expressed genes (p < 0.05, log10 > 1.3) are shown in red. Network analysis of the pathways implicated by these significantly differentially expressed genes in Figure 2C suggests that ICH injury leads to a considerable dysregulation of metabolic processes in leukocytes. Metabolism of glucose is closely linked to function in myeloid cells (Jung et al., ), regulation of bile acids has previously been linked clinically (Wang et al., ), and pre-clinically (Rodrigues et al., , ) to neuroprotection in ICH and amino acid biosynthesis may imply a switch to a pro-regenerative transcriptional profile. Recent work in transcriptomic profiling of patient leukocytes shows cells undergo significant metabolic reprogramming over the acute and subacute ICH injury timeline (Askenase et al., ). These raw data and preliminary analyses suggest a number of genes and subsequent pathways for further investigation in this model to elucidate function following ICH, and will potentially provide a scientific basis for mechanistic investigation in alternative pre-clinical models, and support translational comparisons to patient data.
Usage Notes
We suggest that further analysis of these data for gene ontology terms is performed using Ingenuity Pathway Analysis (Qiagen) software, or similar free software available online to identify genes and/or molecular pathways that could be studied further in the context of translational ICH research. Data can be visualized as a heat map using Morpheus (Broad Institute). Variability between biological replicates is observed in zebrafish datasets due to underlying genetic heterogeneity of a relatively outbred population. Similarly to the ImmGen Consortium (Harvard) and the Human Cell Atlas project, these data can aid cross-species comparisons in health and disease.
There can also be distinct differences between clutch samples (batches of zebrafish eggs), and this should be considered as a random variable for statistical analysis. For these reasons, identifying significant genes using p-adjusted value alone is not recommended, there are many factors that contribute to the significance of this value. Considering the quality and consistency of the reads between each sample, use of the p-value and the fold change are all recommended to assess changes in expression levels.
We propose this dataset will provide a valuable resource for the translational ICH research community and allow for cross-species comparisons. This could include, for example, alignment with RNAseq datasets generated from samples obtained from rodent models or ICH patients. Such comparisons will allow us to identify evolutionarily conserved inflammatory regulators of injury following spontaneous ICH, and highlight candidate therapeutic target genes and/or pathways. When comparing datasets between model species it is important to note the speed of development in the zebrafish model, and that 24 h after injury in this model might be equivalent to later time points in both rodent models and patients. The peak of the immune response observed pre-clinically varies with type of ICH model, species and co-morbidities (Mracsko and Veltkamp, ). In patients and clinical samples the inflammatory response is sustained to 21 days after injury (Aronowski and Zhao, ; Tschoe et al., ). Furthermore, transcriptional differences may exist based on the cellular source of RNA used for sequencing. Therefore, any future cross-species transcriptional comparisons need to take relative brain injury phase differences and cell/tissue type into account.
Statements
Data availability statement
The datasets presented in this study can be found in online repositories. The names of the repository/repositories and accession number(s) can be found in the article/Supplementary Material.
Ethics statement
The animal study was reviewed and approved by University of Manchester Animal Welfare and Ethical Review Board.
Author contributions
JC and SC acquired and prepared the samples and carried out the experimental work. IEP and LB carried out data analysis. SC, SK, and PRK wrote and reviewed the manuscript. PRK is responsible for acquiring the funding for the study. All authors contributed to the article and approved the submitted version.
Funding
This study was funded by an Academy of Medical Sciences Springboard grant (SBF003/1021), The Stroke Association (TSA LECT 2017/02 to PRK), and the National Centre for the 3Rs Ph.D. studentship (NC/N002598/1).
Acknowledgments
The authors would like to thank Theragen Etex for generating the raw data for RNA-Seq analysis and Dr. Michael Jackson in the Flow Cytometry core facility at the University of Manchester for assistance with FACS.
Conflict of interest
The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.
Supplementary material
The Supplementary Material for this article can be found online at: https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fncel.2021.660732/full#supplementary-material
Supplementary Table 1Sample read and quality information.
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Summary
Keywords
RNA sequence analysis, zebrafish, leukocytes, intracerebral hemorrhage, translational research
Citation
Crilly S, Cooper J, Bradford L, Prise IE, Krishnan S and Kasher PR (2021) RNA-Seq Dataset From Isolated Leukocytes Following Spontaneous Intracerebral Hemorrhage in Zebrafish Larvae. Front. Cell. Neurosci. 15:660732. doi: 10.3389/fncel.2021.660732
Received
29 January 2021
Accepted
22 March 2021
Published
14 April 2021
Volume
15 - 2021
Edited by
Vassilis Stratoulias, University of Helsinki, Finland
Reviewed by
Shahram Eisa-Beygi, Medical College of Wisconsin, United States; Amol K. Bhandage, Stockholm University, Sweden
Updates
Copyright
© 2021 Crilly, Cooper, Bradford, Prise, Krishnan and Kasher.
This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.
*Correspondence: Paul R. Kasher paul.kasher@manchester.ac.uk
This article was submitted to Non-Neuronal Cells, a section of the journal Frontiers in Cellular Neuroscience
†These authors have contributed equally to this work and share first authorship
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