Exploring Interconnections Among Atoms, Brain, Society, and Cosmos with Network Science and Explainable Machine Learning

Daniele Caligiore^1*Anna Monreale²Giulio Rossetti³Angela Bongiorno⁴Giuseppe Fisicaro⁵

• ¹National Research Council (CNR), Roma, Italy
• ²University of Pisa, Pisa, Tuscany, Italy
• ³Pisa Research Area, National Research Council (CNR), Pisa, Tuscany, Italy
• ⁴Italian National Institute for Astrophysics, Rome, Italy
• ⁵Catania UNIT, Institute for Microelectronics and Microsystems, Department of Physical Sciences and Technologies of Matter, National Research Council (CNR), Catania, Sicily, Italy

This paper presents a methodology combining Network Science (NS) and Explainable Machine Learning (XML) that could hypothetically uncover shared principles across seemingly disparate scientific domains. As an example, it presents how the approach could be applied to four fields: materials science, neuroscience, social science, and cosmology. The study focuses on criticality, a phenomenon associated with the transition of complex systems between states, characterized by sudden and significant behavioral shifts. By proposing a five-step methodology-ranging from relational data collection to cross-domain analysis with XML-the paper offers a hypothetical framework for potentially identifying criticality-related features in these fields and transferring insights across disciplines. The results of domains cross-fertilization could support practical applications, such as improving neuroprosthetics and brain-machine interfaces by leveraging criticality in materials science and neuroscience or developing advanced materials for space exploration. The parallels between neural and social networks could deepen our understanding of human behavior, while studying cosmic and social systems may reveal shared dynamics in largescale, interconnected structures. A key benefit could be the possibility of using transfer learning, that is XML models trained in one domain might be adapted for use in another with limited data. For instance, if common aspects of criticality in neuroscience and cosmology are identified, an algorithm trained on brain data could be repurposed to detect critical states in cosmic systems, even with limited cosmic data. This interdisciplinary approach advances theoretical frameworks and fosters practical innovations, laying the groundwork for future research that could transform our understanding of complex systems across diverse scientific fields.