ORIGINAL RESEARCH article
Front. Future Transp.
Sec. Transportation Systems Modeling
Volume 6 - 2025 | doi: 10.3389/ffutr.2025.1514936
Effects of Speed, Gender, and Visual Wheel Modifications on Time-to-Arrival Judgments of Cyclists
Provisionally accepted
- 1University of Canterbury, Christchurch, Canterbury, New Zealand
- 2Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand
- 3German Sport University Cologne, Cologne, North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany
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Current evidence suggests that object speed influences time to arrival (TTA) estimation, in particular, greater speeds are associated with more inaccurate TTA estimates; which yields a higher risk decision about an approaching person or object. This study aims to investigate the impact of bike speeds and additional factors like bike type and cyclist gender on TTA estimates in a naturalistic cycling setting. Two experiments examined the influence of speed on TTA estimation for conventional pedelecs and for e-bikes. The results indicate that a combination of factors (Exp.1) respectively cyclists' gender, cycle speed, and how far the bike is away when a decision has to be made solely (Exp. 2) can affect the accuracy of TTA estimations. But providing an additional source of information on cycle speed (paint on the front wheel) has no positive (Exp. 1) or even a negative influence (Exp. 2) on these evaluations.
Keywords: TTA, E-bike, vision manipulation, Perception, estimation electric bicycles, Time to collision, judgement
Received: 21 Oct 2024; Accepted: 02 May 2025.
Copyright: © 2025 Millar, Noël, Geisen, Rein and Klatt. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) or licensor are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.
* Correspondence: Sarah-Kate Millar, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, 8140, Canterbury, New Zealand
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