POLR3A-related syndrome complicated with cerebral abscesses: a case report and literature review

Background: POLR3A gene-related syndrome is a complex genetic disorder with diverse clinical manifestations. Understanding its characteristics is crucial for diagnosis and management. Previous studies have reported various aspects of this syndrome, yet a comprehensive analysis of different Variant sites and their associated phenotypes remains necessary.

Case report: This study presents a case of POLR3A-related syndrome in a pediatric patient. Symptom onset occurred after 2 years of age, initially presenting with gait disturbance. As the disease progressed, gait instability worsened progressively and was accompanied by dysarthria, intellectual developmental impairment, and tremor. Subsequent neuroimaging revealed multiple intracerebral infectious lesions with abscess formation. Whole-genome sequencing identified a homozygous c.1771-6C>G variant in the POLR3A gene. This variant has been previously reported as pathogenic at this locus; however, the complication of multiple intracerebral infections and abscess formation represents a previously unreported manifestation. It is noteworthy that the parents of the proband were consanguineous (first-degree relatives).

Conclusion: A review of 60 unrelated probands with POLR3A-related syndrome was conducted based on previously published cases. The analysis revealed no significant sex difference in disease occurrence. The median age of onset was approximately 8 years, with common initial symptoms including gait disturbance and cognitive developmental impairment. Neuroimaging findings indicated cerebral atrophy in 31 cases (66.0%) and white matter hypomyelination in 17 cases (34.7%). Among the reported genetic variants, c.1909 + 22G>A was the most prevalent, identified in 19 families (17.8%), followed by c.1771-6C>G in 9 families (6.4%). Furthermore, patients with different variant sites displayed heterogeneity in initial symptoms, clinical presentations, and imaging characteristics. This comprehensive review enhances the understanding of the phenotypic and genotypic spectrum of POLR3A-related syndrome.

Introduction

The POLR3 gene encodes the subunits of RNA polymerase III (Pol III), including POLR3A and POLR3B. Pol III is an enzyme complex that plays a role in protein synthesis within cells, particularly by transcribing tRNAs and a few other non-coding RNAs, such as 5S ribosomal RNA (Dieci et al., 2007; Bernard et al., 2011). The POLR3A gene is located in the 10q22.3 region, consisting of 6610 base pairs. Variants in this gene include missense Variants, nonsense Variants, splice site Variants, insertions, deletions, and large segment insertions/deletions (Ji et al., 2018). Pathogenic variants of this gene can lead to a spectrum of diseases related to the POLR3A gene. Atrouni et al. first documented POLR3A-related phenotypic features (Atrouni et al., 2003), while Timmons et al. later reported four cases with the classic triad of hypomyelination, hypogonadotropic hypogonadism, and hypodontia and formally proposed the term “4H syndrome”which is a specific subset of POLR3A-related phenotypes (Timmons et al., 2025). The spectrum of diseases in 4H syndrome includes Hypomyelinating Leukodystrophy-7 (HDL7) and Wiedemann-Rautenstrauch syndrome (WRS), which may include neurological manifestations like abnormal tooth development and/or hypogonadism. It is a neurodegenerative disease caused by an autosomal recessive inheritance. The main symptoms include neurologic dysfunction, such as progressive cerebellar dysfunction, muscle tone abnormalities, spasms, and cognitive impairments. Other symptoms may include abnormal tooth development, hypogonadism, endocrine abnormalities, and myopia (Minnerop et al., 2017; Rydning et al., 2019). Rare cases of this disease have been reported in China (Liang et al., 2017; He et al., 2021; Song et al., 2021a; Li et al., 2022). This study reports a case of a patient with POLR3A gene-related syndrome and reviews literature to enhance understanding of the disease.

Case report

A 30-year-old male patient was admitted on 24 June 2023, with a 15-year history of head tremor, an 11-year history of progressively abnormal gait, and a 3-year history of involuntary generalized body tremors. The patient’s symptoms began at age 11 with a dragging gait; however, no abnormalities were noted during uphill walking, squatting, or routine ambulation, though he experienced frequent falls. By age 14, he had developed involuntary head tremors and noticeable anterior-posterior sway during walking. His gait impairment gradually worsened without specific intervention. Over the past 4 years, the patient exhibited involuntary tremors in both upper limbs, particularly during object manipulation, accompanied by limited fine motor control. Previous treatment with muscle tone-modulating medications at another facility yielded no significant improvement. One week prior to admission, he reported intermittent headaches accompanied by fever, with a maximum recorded temperature of 40 °C. There was no loss of consciousness, limb convulsions, or specific treatment administered before presentation. He was admitted through the emergency department under the diagnosis of “central nervous system infection.” Notably, the patient achieved ambulation after the age of 2 but continued to experience occasional falls. His speech was characterized by clumsiness, dysarthria, and rapidity, resulting in reduced intelligibility. Around age 7, family members observed that his intellectual development lagged behind that of his peers, with corresponding academic difficulties. The patient’s parents are consanguineous, and no similar symptoms have been reported among first-degree relatives. The patient has no children. A history of gas poisoning 4–5 months prior was reported, with no significant sequelae.

On admission, the patient’s neurological examination revealed the following: vital signs were within normal limits; height was 152 cm and weight 41 kg. He was alert and fully oriented to person, but disoriented to time and place. His speech was severely dysarthric. While he was only partially cooperative with the examination, he was able to follow simple commands. Cognitive assessment showed impaired calculation ability and reduced comprehension. Cranial nerve examination demonstrated normal visual acuity, pupils equal and round (3.0 mm in diameter) with intact light reflex, full extraocular movements without nystagmus, and bilateral symmetry of the nasolabial folds. Dentition was normal. Motor examination revealed full (5/5) muscle strength and symmetric, normal muscle tone throughout. Deep tendon reflexes, including the patellar reflex, were brisk. Sensory examination was notable for intact pain perception bilaterally; however, further sensory testing was limited due to poor cooperation. Coordination testing showed an unsteady finger–nose test and heel–knee–shin test. No pathological reflexes or signs of meningeal irritation were observed.

Auxiliary examination results: white blood cell count was 12.7 × 10^9/L, neutrophil percentage was 82.2%, and C-reactive protein was 45.3 mg/L. The blood culture showed the detection of Gram-positive bacteria and anaerobic bacteria. Blood routine, urine and stool routine, biochemical indicators, homocysteine, ceruloplasmin, hepatitis, syphilis, HIV, coagulation function, autoimmune antibody spectrum, etc., Were all normal. No abnormalities were found in cardiac ultrasound. Upon admission on 26 June 2023, brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and an enhanced examination indicated multiple infections and abscess formation in the brain (Figures 1A–C). There was no white matter high signal, low myelinization, brain atrophy, or ventricular enlargement seen. “Hereditary ataxia” was considered in this patient, so genetic testing was performed. Whole genome sequencing results showed a homozygous Variant in the POLR3A gene, c.1771-6C>G, which has been reported as a pathogenic Variant site before (Hiraide et al., 2020). The patient was ultimately diagnosed with POLR3A-related syndrome and cerebral abscess. The patient was treated with piperacillin-tazobactam sodium 4.5 mg Q6h ivgtt for anti-infective therapy and upon discharge, the patient’s headache had improved compared to before. A follow-up brain MRI on 10 July 2023, showed a decrease in the size of the abscess (Figure 1D). Over half a year after discharge, the patient’s headache has eased, but symptoms such as gait instability, dysarthria, tremors, and cognitive impairment still persist.

Figure 1

Figure 1. Brain MRI imaging features of patients at initial diagnosis (A-C) and after a follow-up examination (D).

Literature review and statistical analysis

This study searched the databases “Pubmed,” “Wanfang Medical,” and “CNKI” using the keywords “POLR3A” and “leukoencephalopathy.” A literature review was conducted on previously reported cases of leukoencephalopathy associated with the POLR3A gene in both Chinese and English. A total of 60 unrelated pedigrees were reviewed, and a summary of the clinical and genotype information of the index cases in all pedigrees was compiled. All statistical analyses were performed using GraphPad Prism software (version 9.0). Descriptive statistical methods were employed to systematically summarize and compare the clinical phenotypes and MRI characteristics between patients carrying the c.1909 + 22G>A variant and those with non-c.1909 + 22G>A mutations, with the aim of identifying potential phenotypic variations and disease patterns. Categorical variables were expressed as frequencies and percentages. Based on data distribution and sample size, group comparisons for categorical variables were conducted using the chi-square test, continuity correction test, or Fisher’s exact test, as appropriate. All statistical tests were two-tailed, and a p-value <0.05 was considered statistically significant.

After reviewing literature (Table 1), it was determined that among 60 probands from different families, the male-to-female gender ratio was 26:29, with a median age of 8.0 years (ranging from 0 to 30 years old). Gait disturbances were the initial symptoms in 26 cases (55.3%), while developmental abnormalities were presenting symptoms in 10 cases (21.3%), including 2 cases (4.2%) with gonadal developmental abnormalities and 1 case (2.1%) with facial dysmorphism. Clinical manifestations included tremors in 34 cases (56.7%), eye tremors in 24 cases (40.0%), head and body tremors in 23 cases (38.3%), ataxia in 31 cases (51.7%), gait abnormalities in 31 cases (51.7%), dental abnormalities in 30 cases (50.0%), limb spasticity in 23 cases (38.3%), speech disorders in 21 cases (35.0%), cognitive impairment in 19 cases (31.7%), muscle tone disorders in 14 cases (23.3%), epilepsy in 6 cases (10.0%), and gonadal developmental abnormalities in 5 cases (8.3%).

Table 1

Table 1. Literature review of probands with POLR3A gene-related syndrome probands previously reported.

Compound heterozygous Variants were found in a total of 47 cases (78.3%), while homozygous Variants were found in 13 cases (21.7%). The most common Variant was the c.1909 + 22G>A Variant, found in a total of 19 families (17.8%), followed by the c.1771-6 C>G Variant in 9 families (6.4%), and the c.2554A>G Variant in 6 families (5.6%). Other types of Variants were less common. Of the 49 probands, complete head MRI scans were performed in a total of 31 cases (66.0%). Among them, 25 cases (51.0%) showed cerebellar atrophy, 17 cases (34.7%) showed white matter demyelination, 10 cases (20.4%) had abnormal signals in the basal ganglia, and 6 cases (12.2%) showed diffuse atrophy. Among the homozygous Variant patients, 3 cases (42.9%) showed white matter demyelination and 3 cases (42.9%) had abnormal signals in the basal ganglia. Among the patients with compound heterozygous Variants, 15 cases (35.7%) showed white matter demyelination and 24 cases (57.1%) showed cerebellar atrophy.

Among the probands with the Variant site c.1909 + 22G>A, the male-to-female ratio is 11:7, with a median age of onset at 17.0 years old (5–30 years old). Of these cases, 18 cases (94.7%) had compound heterozygous Variants, while 1 case (5.3%) had a homozygous Variant. The most common initial symptom was gait abnormality in 16 cases (84.2%), followed by lower limb stiffness in 2 cases (10.5%) and tremor in 2 cases (10.5%). Clinical manifestations included gait abnormalities in 17 cases (89.5%), ataxia in 16 cases (84.2%), limb spasm in 15 cases (78.9%), dysarthria in 9 cases (47.4%), and dental anomalies in 8 cases (42.1%). Brain MRI revealed significant abnormal signals in the cerebellar foot and midbrain in 14 cases (82.4%), and cerebellar atrophy in 10 cases (58.8%). A comparative analysis of clinical and MRI manifestations between patients carrying the c.1909 + 22G>A variant and those with other genotypes (non-c.1909 + 22G>A) was conducted using Fisher’s exact test, which revealed a distinct phenotypic profile associated with the c.1909 + 22G>A variant. Notably, abnormalities of the superior cerebellar peduncles (SCP) were significantly more common in the variant group (82.4%, 14/17), whereas white matter hypomyelination and bulbar symptoms were conspicuously absent (0/17). Furthermore, key clinical symptoms including sensory impairment and muscle atrophy were both present in 42.1% (8/19) of the variant patients, a prevalence that was significantly higher than that in the non-c.1909 + 22G>A group.

Among the first founders with the Variant site c.1771-6C>G, the male-to-female ratio is 5:3, and the median age of onset is 2.75 years (ranging from 0.8 to 8 years). Of these founders, 6 cases (66.7%) have compound heterozygous Variants and 3 cases (33.3%) have homozygous Variants. Additionally, 4 cases (44.4%) presented with gait abnormalities as initial symptoms, while 4 cases (44.4%) had dysarthria. Clinical manifestations included muscle tone disorders in all cases, tremors in 5 cases (55.6%), dental abnormalities in 4 cases (44.4%), ataxia in 4 cases (44.4%), developmental disorders in 3 cases (60.0%), and developmental delay in 2 cases (22.2%). Brain MRI showed abnormal signals in the striatum in 6 cases (66.6%), diffuse brain atrophy in 3 cases (33.3%), cerebellar atrophy in 2 cases (22.2%), and leukodystrophy in 2 cases (22.2%). The average age of onset for patients with compound heterozygous Variants was 3.0 years, while patients with homozygous Variants had an average age of onset of 6.3 years.

In carriers with the c.2554A>G Variant site, there is a ratio of 1 man to 5 women, with a median age of onset of 12.5 years (ranging from 3 to 19 years). All individuals have compound heterozygous Variants. Of these cases, 2 (33.3%) initially presented with menopause as a symptom. Cognitive impairment was seen in 4 cases (66.7%), abnormal tooth development in 4 cases (66.7%), and ataxia in 3 cases (50.0%). In all four cases, brain MRI scans revealed cerebellar atrophy and white matter demyelination.

Discussion

Genes such as POLR3A, POLR3B, POLR3C, and POLR3K encode RNA polymerase III (RNAPol III), which is responsible for synthesizing small RNAs. Variants in these genes can impact the function of non-coding RNAs that are crucial in cytoplasmic protein synthesis, myelin sheath development, and maintenance in the brain. This can further affect cell growth, differentiation, and apoptosis (Song et al., 2021a). Among these genes, Variants in POLR3A are believed to be more common and can lead to more severe clinical manifestations (Wolf et al., 2014). The different genotypes of the POLR3A gene are closely linked to the age of onset (Dum et al., 2010) and severity of POLR3A-related syndromes, with earlier onset potentially resulting in more severe clinical manifestations (Song et al., 2021a). The affected systems of this disease include the central nervous system and endocrine system and may be related to the high expression of the POLR3A gene in the central nervous system, gonads, and reproductive cells (Pelletier et al., 2021).

This study, conducted through literature review, found that there are slightly more female patients than male patients in POLR3A gene-related syndromes. The disease typically presents at an early age with gait disorders and developmental abnormalities as initial symptoms. These developmental abnormalities primarily include motor developmental issues, along with occasional gonadal developmental abnormalities, dental developmental abnormalities, and facial dysmorphism. As the disease progresses, additional symptoms such as ataxia, cognitive impairment, epilepsy, tremors, dysarthria, and swallowing difficulties may manifest. Swallowing difficulties and dysarthria are believed to be caused by reduced myelination levels in the medulla oblongata (Bernard et al., 2010), and may also be a result of weak pharyngeal muscle strength or impaired pharyngeal muscle tone. Ataxia in patients may be associated with cerebellar atrophy, white matter lesions, and midbrain involvement (Bernard et al., 2011; Azmanov et al., 2016).

Additionally, common peripheral nervous system manifestations of the disease include dental hypoplasia and hypogonadism. Nearly half of the patients were found to have dental hypoplasia, while less than one-tenth had hypogonadism. This discrepancy may be attributed to insufficient medical history documentation and evaluation, as patients often do not voluntarily disclose this information (Rydning et al., 2019). This highlights the significance of being attentive to these neurological symptoms when suspecting the disease clinically. Moreover, individuals with POLR3A gene-related syndrome may also suffer from visual and auditory impairments resulting from dysmyelination of the cranial nerves (Wolf et al., 2014).

POLR3A gene-related syndrome can also manifest with peripheral neuropathy phenotypes (Minnerop et al., 2017; Rydning et al., 2019), primarily affecting sensory nerve impairment, including affected deep sensation like vibration and proprioception, as well as superficial sensation. In this study, the patient did not experience symptoms such as numbness or weakness, and physical examination did not uncover any related abnormalities.

Based on literature reviewing (Table 1), this study found that the most common Variant sites of the POLR3A gene are c.1909 + 22G>A, c.2554A>G, and c.1771-6C>G. Patients with Variants at the c.1771-6C>G site have a younger average age of onset compared to those with c.1909 + 22G>A and c.2554A>G. The majority of patients with c.2554A>G are female. In terms of initial symptoms and clinical manifestations, patients with c.1909 + 22G>A primarily present with gait abnormalities, followed by ataxia, dysarthria, and nystagmus. Patients with c.2554A>G typically present with motor dysfunction and developmental abnormalities of teeth as initial symptoms, followed by worsening symptoms such as cognitive impairment, dental abnormalities, ataxia, and swallowing difficulties. Three patients also experiencing significant hypogonadism; patients with c.2554A>G mainly present with motor dysfunction and dysarthria as initial symptoms, followed by developmental abnormalities of teeth, ataxia, tremors, and abnormal muscle tone. The most frequent genotype among POLR3A-related mutations is the c.1909 + 22G>A variant in a compound heterozygous state (Ruggiero et al., 2020). This specific genotype is associated with a consistent and distinct clinical phenotype, characterized by late-onset spastic ataxia, hyperintensity of the SCP on MRI, and spinal cord atrophy. Commonly accompanying features include dental abnormalities, motor tremor, muscle wasting, dysarthria, pes cavus, ocular involvement, thinning of the corpus callosum, dystonia, and polyneuropathy. Notably, there is an absence of hypomyelinating leukodystrophy (Morales-Rosado et al., 2020).

Our review of the literature further confirms that patients carrying the c.1909 + 22G>A variant primarily exhibit SCP hyperintensity without evidence of hypomyelination, a finding that significantly distinguishes them from patients with other POLR3A variants. This strong genotype-phenotype correlation was substantiated by Di Donato et al., who demonstrated that the c.1909 + 22G>A variant, in combination with a second “variable” POLR3A mutation, is specifically associated with juvenile- or adult-onset spastic ataxia accompanied by SCP hyperintensity and spinal atrophy (Di Donato et al., 2022). Consistent with these observations, Minnerop et al. also reported that neuroimaging in patients with the c.1909 + 22G>A variant consistently reveals T2/FLAIR hyperintensity in the SCP, in the absence of significant hypomyelination. These collective findings underscore the unique clinico-radiological profile associated with this recurrent POLR3A variant (Minnerop et al., 2017).

The spectrum of diseases related to the POLR3A gene is wide and heterogeneous. Currently, there is no research clearly demonstrating the correlation between genotypes and phenotypes related to this gene (Minnerop et al., 2017; Rydning et al., 2019). However, haplotype analysis suggests that patients carrying the c.1378_1380del variant at the locus show more prominent neurological symptoms (Rydning et al., 2019).

In 2019, Siri L. Rydning and colleagues (Rydning et al., 2019) identified 10 cases of POLR3A gene biallelic Variants in 322 Norwegian patients with autosomal recessive or sporadic cerebellar ataxia or hereditary spastic paraplegia. Among these cases, 9 out of 10 had a c.1909 + 22G>A Variant in the intronic region, which results in the presence of a premature termination codon and further activates the disease-causing nonsense-mediated mRNA decay (NMD) mechanism.

The Variant site identified in the first individual studied is c.1771-6C>G. Azmanov et al. theorized that this variant may result in abnormal splicing, potentially causing exon 14 skipping and premature termination of the amino acid sequence.This could lead to a decrease in the full-length transcript level of POLR3A and potentially result in a deficiency of certain Pol III proteins (Azmanov et al., 2016). Additionally, abnormal Pol III metabolism could lead to a disruption in protein homeostasis and instability in the protein control system, which is similar to what is observed in neurodegenerative diseases (Azmanov et al., 2016).

The brain MRI images resulting from the c.1771-6C>G Variant differ from the previously reported white matter involvement, cerebellar and brainstem atrophy in patients with POLR3A-related HDL 7. They often present with specific involvement of the striatum and red nucleus (Azmanov et al., 2016). Compared with pedigrees with heterozygous Variants at the same site in the literature, the probands in this study had a slightly later onset age, and symptoms such as intellectual disability and tremors appeared later.The literature also indicates that the average age of onset in patients with homozygous Variants was significantly later than that in those with heterozygous Variants, and the radiological manifestations appeared milder in the former group. Takuya Hiraide and others (Hiraide et al., 2020) reported the brain MRI characteristics of three patients with compound heterozygous Variants of the POLR3A gene c.1771-6C>G from two families. They showed only brain atrophy and abnormal signals in the striatum, without white matter dysmyelination. In a report by Azmanov DN and others (Azmanov et al., 2016), three cases of homozygous Variant at the c.1771-6C>G site were documented, showing no diffuse white matter abnormalities on brain MRI. They also show that brain atrophy or signal abnormalities can be restricted to the striatum and may be subtle or absent on conventional MRI, especially in homozygous individuals who can present with a milder, later-onset radiological phenotype. Therefore, we speculate that the Variant at the c.1771-6C>G site may result in a relatively “benign” clinical phenotype.

In terms of cranial imaging, diseases related to the POLR3A gene may present with typical diffuse white matter abnormalities on brain MRI (Vrij-van et al., 2017). In addition, other manifestations such as abnormal signals in the cerebellar peduncles (Minnerop et al., 2017; Rydning et al., 2019), thinning of the corpus callosum, thinning of the cervical cord, and cerebellar atrophy may also be observed. According to the literature review, it was found that only one-third of patients exhibit typical diffuse white matter abnormalities on MRI. La P et al. proposed that diffuse white matter abnormalities are not a necessary imaging feature of POLR3A gene-related diseases, and introduced a new imaging pattern of selective involvement of the corticospinal tracts in 2016 (La et al., 2016). The pattern of selective involvement of the posterior limb of the internal capsule was also confirmed in patients reported by Siri L, Rydning, and others (Rydning et al., 2019).

Furthermore, the cranial MRI performed upon the patient’s admission revealed multiple brain infections and the presence of abscesses. It is currently unclear whether there is a direct correlation between the brain abscess and the Variant in the gene locus. Currently, there is no direct evidence establishing a causal relationship between POLR3A variants and brain abscess formation in this study. We hypothesize that POLR3A may contribute to brain abscess pathogenesis through the following mechanisms: First, POLR3A variants lead to dysfunctional RNA polymerase III (Pol III), reducing tRNA synthesis in immune cells and impairing the translation efficiency of antimicrobial proteins and cytokines (e.g., CXCL10). This is accompanied by suppressed expression of immune mediators such as IFN-β, thereby increasing cellular susceptibility to viral infection. Collectively, these alterations compromise both peripheral immune bactericidal capacity and the local immune microenvironment within the central nervous system, hindering effective pathogen clearance (Carter-Timofte et al., 2018; Ramanath et al., 2020). In support of this, Damian et al. demonstrated that inhibition of Pol III activity severely impairs macrophage function by delaying phagocytosis and suppressing cytokine secretion (Graczyk et al., 2015). Second, Pol III dysfunction may disrupt the synthesis of tight junction proteins (e.g., occludin, claudin-5) and mitochondrial metabolic proteins in vascular endothelial cells, thereby increasing blood-brain barrier permeability and reducing endothelial repair capacity, which facilitates bacterial invasion into brain tissue (Gao et al., 2023). Third, insufficient tRNA production may lead to the accumulation of cerebral amino acids (e.g., glutamate, aspartate), providing an energy source for bacterial proliferation and promoting the progression of infection into abscess formation (Li et al., 2024). Nevertheless, the possibility that brain abscess occurrence is not directly linked to POLR3A gene dysfunction cannot be excluded, warranting further investigation for validation.

In conclusion, this study presents a case of a POLR3A-related syndrome and integrates previous literature to advance the genetic understanding of this disorder. We propose that the POLR3A variants may be associated with a previously unreported phenotype characterized by cerebral abscess. Furthermore, cerebral atrophy was identified as the most consistent neuroimaging feature across all studied POLR3A variants. These findings highlight the importance of enhanced clinical vigilance for intracranial infections—such as fever or headache—in individuals carrying the POLR3A variant, and suggest that early MRI screening could facilitate timely antimicrobial treatment.

Data availability statement

The original contributions presented in the study are included in the article/Supplementary Material, further inquiries can be directed to the corresponding authors.

Ethics statement

The studies involving humans were approved by the Ethic Committee of Qujing First People's Hospital. The studies were conducted in accordance with the local legislation and institutional requirements. The participants provided their written informed consent to participate in this study. Written informed consent was obtained from the individual(s) for the publication of any potentially identifiable images or data included in this article. Written informed consent was obtained from the participant/patient(s) for the publication of this case report.

Author contributions

MZ: Conceptualization, Data curation, Investigation, Methodology, Writing – original draft. LH: Conceptualization, Data curation, Investigation, Writing – original draft. HF: Supervision, Validation, Writing – review and editing. YD: Software, Supervision, Writing – review and editing. XX: Software, Supervision, Writing – review and editing. HWu: Software, Supervision, Writing – review and editing. HWa: Software, Supervision, Writing – review and editing. WZ: Funding acquisition, Conceptualization, Supervision, Validation, Visualization, Writing – review and editing. KD: Funding acquisition, Supervision, Validation, Writing – review and editing.

Funding

The author(s) declared that financial support was received for this work and/or its publication. This study was supported by the 2025 Applied Basic Research Joint Special Project of Yunnan Provincial Department of Science and Technology and Kunming Medical University (Grant No. 202501AY070001-204) and the Hospital-level Research Project of Qujing First People’s Hospital (Grant No. 2023YJKTB02).

Conflict of interest

The author(s) declared that this work was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.

Generative AI statement

The author(s) declared that generative AI was not used in the creation of this manuscript.

Any alternative text (alt text) provided alongside figures in this article has been generated by Frontiers with the support of artificial intelligence and reasonable efforts have been made to ensure accuracy, including review by the authors wherever possible. If you identify any issues, please contact us.

Publisher’s note

All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article, or claim that may be made by its manufacturer, is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher.

Supplementary material

The Supplementary Material for this article can be found online at: https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fgene.2026.1668022/full#supplementary-material

References

Atrouni, S., Daraze, A., Tamraz, J., Cassia, A., Caillaud, C., and Megarbane, A. (2003). Leukodystrophy associated with oligodontia in a large inbred family: fortuitous association or new entity? Am. J. Med. Genet. A 118A (1), 76–81. doi:10.1002/ajmg.a.10019

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Azmanov, D. N., Siira, S. J., Chamova, T., Kaprelyan, A., Guergueltcheva, V., Shearwood, A. J., et al. (2016). Transcriptome-wide effects of a POLR3A gene mutation in patients with an unusual phenotype of striatal involvement. Hum. Mol. Genet. 25 (19), 4302–4314. doi:10.1093/hmg/ddw263

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Bernard, G., Thiffault, I., Tetreault, M., Putorti, M. L., Bouchard, I., Sylvain, M., et al. (2010). Tremor-ataxia with central hypomyelination (TACH) leukodystrophy maps to chromosome 10q22.3-10q23.31. NEUROGENETICS 11 (4), 457–464. doi:10.1007/s10048-010-0251-8

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Bernard, G., Chouery, E., Putorti, M. L., Tetreault, M., Takanohashi, A., Carosso, G., et al. (2011). Mutations of POLR3A encoding a catalytic subunit of RNA polymerase pol III cause a recessive hypomyelinating leukodystrophy. Am. J. Hum. Genet. 89 (3), 415–423. doi:10.1016/j.ajhg.2011.07.014

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Campopiano, R., Ferese, R., Zampatti, S., Giardina, E., Biagioni, F., Colonnese, C., et al. (2020). A novel POLR3A genotype leads to leukodystrophy type-7 in two siblings with unusually late age of onset. BMC Neurol. 20 (1), 1–258. doi:10.1186/s12883-020-01835-9

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Carter-Timofte, M. E., Paludan, S. R., and Mogensen, T. H. (2018). RNA polymerase III as a gatekeeper to prevent severe VZV infections. TRENDS Mol. Med. 24 (10), 904–915. doi:10.1016/j.molmed.2018.07.009

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Di Donato, I., Gallo, A., Ricca, I., Fini, N., Silvestri, G., Gurrieri, F., et al. (2022). POLR3A variants in hereditary spastic paraparesis and ataxia: clinical, genetic, and neuroradiological findings in a cohort of Italian patients. Neurol. Sci. 43 (2), 1071–1077. doi:10.1007/s10072-021-05462-1

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Dieci, G., Fiorino, G., Castelnuovo, M., Teichmann, M., and Pagano, A. (2007). The expanding RNA polymerase III transcriptome. TRENDS GENET. 23 (12), 614–622. doi:10.1016/j.tig.2007.09.001

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Dumay-Odelot, H., Durrieu-Gaillard, S., Da, S. D., Roeder, R. G., and Teichmann, M. (2010). Cell growth- and differentiation-dependent regulation of RNA polymerase III transcription. CELL CYCLE 9 (18), 3687–3699. doi:10.4161/cc.9.18.13203

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Fellner, A., Lossos, A., Kogan, E., Argov, Z., Gonzaga Jauregui, C., Shuldiner, A. R., et al. (2021). Two intronic cis-acting variants in both alleles of thePOLR3A gene cause progressive spastic ataxia with hypodontia. Clin. Genet. 99 (5), 713–718. doi:10.1111/cge.13929

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Furukawa, S., Kunii, M., Doi, H., Kondo, N., Ogura, A., Hirabuki, K., et al. (2021). Case report: severe osteoporosis and preventive therapy in RNA polymerase III-related leukodystrophy. Front. Neurol. 12, 622355. doi:10.3389/fneur.2021.622355

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Gao, P., Yi, J., Chen, W., Gu, J., Miao, S., Wang, X., et al. (2023). Pericyte-derived exosomal miR-210 improves mitochondrial function and inhibits lipid peroxidation in vascular endothelial cells after traumatic spinal cord injury by activating JAK1/STAT3 signaling pathway. J. NANOBIOTECHNOL 21 (1), 452. doi:10.1186/s12951-023-02110-y

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Graczyk, D., White, R. J., and Ryan, K. M. (2015). Involvement of RNA polymerase III in immune responses. Mol. CELL Biol. 35 (10), 1848–1859. doi:10.1128/MCB.00990-14

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

He, F., Mao, L., Pang, N., and Yin, F. (2021). Compound heterozygous mutations in POLR3A gene cause global developmental delay with epilepsy and striatal degeneration. Chin. J. Neurology 54 (12), 1282–1289. doi:10.3760/cma.j.cn113694-20210322-00208

CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Hiraide, T., Kubota, K., Kono, Y., Watanabe, S., Matsubayashi, T., Nakashima, M., et al. (2020). POLR3A variants in striatal involvement without diffuse hypomyelination. BRAIN DEV-JPN 42 (4), 363–368. doi:10.1016/j.braindev.2019.12.012

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Infante, J., Serrano-Cárdenas, K. M., Corral, J. M., Farré, X., Sánchez, I., de Lucas, E. M., et al. (2020). POLR3A-related spastic ataxia: new mutations and a look into the phenotype. J. Neurol. 267 (2), 324–330. doi:10.1007/s00415-019-09574-9

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Ji, H., Li, D., Wu, Y., Zhang, Q., Gu, Q., Xie, H., et al. (2018). Hypomyelinating disorders in China: the clinical and genetic heterogeneity in 119 patients. PLOS ONE 13 (2), e188869. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0188869

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Khalifa, M., and Naffaa, L. (2015). Exome sequencing reveals a novel WDR45 frameshift mutation and inherited POLR3A heterozygous variants in a female with a complex phenotype and mixed brain MRI findings. Eur. J. Med. Genet. 58 (8), 381–386. doi:10.1016/j.ejmg.2015.05.009

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

La, P. R., Cayami, F. K., Tran, L. T., Guerrero, K., van Spaendonk, R., Ounap, K., et al. (2016). Diffuse hypomyelination is not obligate for POLR3-related disorders. NEUROLOGY 86 (17), 1622–1626. doi:10.1212/WNL.0000000000002612

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Lessel, D., Rading, K., Campbell, S. E., Thiele, H., Altmüller, J., Gordon, L. B., et al. (2022). A novel homozygous synonymous variant further expands the phenotypic spectrum ofPOLR3A - related pathologies. Am. J. Med. Genet. A 188 (1), 216–223. doi:10.1002/ajmg.a.62525

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Li, L., Zhu, Z., Cao, L., and Tian, W. (2022). One middle-aged female with progressive walking difficulties for more than 35 years—— a case of HLD7 due to compound heterozygous mutation of POLR3A gene. Chin. J. Nerv. Ment. Dis. 48 (3), 188–192.

Google Scholar

Li, D., Gao, X., Ma, X., Wang, M., Cheng, C., Xue, T., et al. (2024). Aging-induced tRNA(Glu)-derived fragment impairs glutamate biosynthesis by targeting mitochondrial translation-dependent cristae organization. CELL Metab. 36 (5), 1059–1075. doi:10.1016/j.cmet.2024.02.011

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Liang, C., Lu, H., and Guo, H. (2017). Clinical features and molecular diagnosis of 4H syndrome (report of 1 case). J. Clin. Neurol. 30 (5), 377–379.

Google Scholar

Majethia, P., and Girisha, K. M. (2021). Wiedemann–rautenstrauch syndrome in an Indian patient with biallelic pathogenic variants inPOLR3A. Am. J. Med. Genet. A 185 (5), 1602–1605. doi:10.1002/ajmg.a.62115

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Minnerop, M., Kurzwelly, D., Wagner, H., Soehn, A. S., Reichbauer, J., Tao, F., et al. (2017). Hypomorphic mutations in POLR3A are a frequent cause of sporadic and recessive spastic ataxia. Brain 140 (6), 1561–1578. doi:10.1093/brain/awx095

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Morales-Rosado, J. A., Macke, E. L., Cousin, M. A., Oliver, G. R., Dhamija, R., and Klee, E. W. (2020). Interpretation challenges of novel dual-class missense and splice-impacting variant in POLR3A-related late-onset hereditary spastic ataxia. Mol. Genet. GENOM Med. 8 (9), e1341. doi:10.1002/mgg3.1341

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Musumeci, A., Calì, F., Scuderi, C., Vinci, M., Vitello, G. A., Musumeci, S. A., et al. (2022). Identification of a novel missense mutation of POLR3A gene in a cohort of Sicilian patients with leukodystrophy. BIOMEDICINES 10 (9), 2276. doi:10.3390/biomedicines10092276

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Nikkhah, A., and Rezakhani, S. (2022). Developmental regression and movement disorder as a phenotypic variant ofPOLR3A mutation—case report. Clin. CASE Rep. 10 (11), e6556. doi:10.1002/ccr3.6556

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Pelletier, F., Perrier, S., Cayami, F. K., Mirchi, A., Saikali, S., Tran, L. T., et al. (2021). Endocrine and growth abnormalities in 4H leukodystrophy caused by variants in POLR3A, POLR3B, and POLR1C. J. Clin. Endocr. Metab. 106 (2), e660–e674. doi:10.1210/clinem/dgaa700

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Ramanathan, A., Weintraub, M., Orlovetskie, N., Serruya, R., Mani, D., Marcu, O., et al. (2020). A mutation in POLR3E impairs antiviral immune response and RNA polymerase III. P Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 117 (36), 22113–22121. doi:10.1073/pnas.2009947117

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Ruggiero, L., Iovino, A., Dubbioso, R., Cocozza, S., Trovato, R., Aruta, F., et al. (2020). Multimodal evaluation of an Italian family with a hereditary spastic paraplegia and POLR3A mutations. Ann. Clin. Transl. NEUR 7 (11), 2326–2331. doi:10.1002/acn3.51221

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Rydning, S. L., Koht, J., Sheng, Y., Sowa, P., Hjorthaug, H. S., Wedding, I. M., et al. (2019). Biallelic POLR3A variants confirmed as a frequent cause of hereditary ataxia and spastic paraparesis. BRAIN 142 (4), e12. doi:10.1093/brain/awz041

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Shimojima, K., Shimada, S., Tamasaki, A., Akaboshi, S., Komoike, Y., Saito, A., et al. (2014). Novel compound heterozygous mutations of POLR3A revealed by whole-exome sequencing in a patient with hypomyelination. Brain Dev. 36 (4), 315–321. doi:10.1016/j.braindev.2013.04.011

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Song, C., Tong, W., Yang, G., and Yang, B. (2021a). Case report of clinical features of 4H syndrome and analysis of POLR3A gene. J. Chinese Applied Clinical Peadiatrics 36 (20), 1582–1584.

Google Scholar

Song, C., Tong, W., Yang, G., and Yang, B. (2021b). Clinical characteristics and POLR3A gene analysis of a child with 4H syndrome. J. Chinese Applied Clinical Peadiatrics.

Google Scholar

Sun, L., Lin, W., Meng, H., Zhang, W., and Hou, S. (2023). A Chinese patient with POLR3A-related leukodystrophy: a case report and literature review. Front. Neurol. 14, 1269237. doi:10.3389/fneur.2023.1269237

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Sytsma, T. M., Chen, D. H., Rolf, B., Dorschner, M., Jayadev, S., Keene, C. D., et al. (2022). Spinal cord-predominant neuropathology in an adult-onset case ofPOLR3A -related spastic ataxia. NEUROPATHOLOGY 42 (1), 58–65. doi:10.1111/neup.12775

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Temel, S. G., Ergoren, M. C., Manara, E., Paolacci, S., Tuncel, G., Gul, S., et al. (2020). Unique combination and in silico modeling of biallelic POLR3A variants as a cause of wiedemann-rautenstrauch syndrome. Eur. Journal Human Genetics EJHG. 28 (12), 1675–1680. doi:10.1038/s41431-020-0673-1

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Terao, Y., Saitsu, H., Segawa, M., Kondo, Y., Sakamoto, K., Matsumoto, N., et al. (2012). Diffuse central hypomyelination presenting as 4H syndrome caused by compound heterozygous mutations in POLR3A encoding the catalytic subunit of polymerase III. J. Neurol. Sci. 320 (1-2), 102–105. doi:10.1016/j.jns.2012.07.005

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Tewari, V. V., Mehta, R., Sreedhar, C. M., Tewari, K., Mohammad, A., Gupta, N., et al. (2018). A novel homozygous mutation in POLR3A gene causing 4H syndrome: a case report. BMC Pediatr. 18 (1), 126. doi:10.1186/s12887-018-1108-9

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Timmons, M., Tsokos, M., Asab, M. A., Seminara, S. B., Zirzow, G. C., Kaneski, C. R., et al. (2025). Peripheral and central hypomyelination with hypogonadotropic hypogonadism and hypodontia. NEUROLOGY 67 (11), 2066–2069. doi:10.1212/01.wnl.0000247666.28904.35

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Vrij-van, D. B. S., Hol, J. A., La Piana, R., Harting, I., Vanderver, A., Barkhof, F., et al. (2017). 4H leukodystrophy: a brain magnetic resonance imaging scoring system. NEUROPEDIATRICS 48 (3), 152–160. doi:10.1055/s-0037-1599141

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Wolf, N. I., Vanderver, A., van Spaendonk, R. M. L., Schiffmann, R., Brais, B., Bugiani, M., et al. (2014). Clinical spectrum of 4H leukodystrophy caused by POLR3A and POLR3B mutations. Neurology Official J. Am. Acad. Neurology 83 (21), 1898–1905. doi:10.1212/WNL.0000000000001002

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Wu, S., Bai, Z., Dong, X., Yang, D., Chen, H., Hua, J., et al. (2019). Novel mutations of the POLR3A gene caused POLR3-related leukodystrophy in a Chinese family: a case report. BMC Pediatr. 19 (1), 289. doi:10.1186/s12887-019-1656-7

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Yang, Y., Zhao, Z., Jia, Y., Jia, Y., Han, N., and Wang, J. (2019). A 42-year-old woman with 4H leukodystrophy caused by a homozygous mutation in POLR3A gene. Chin. Med. J-PEKING 132 (15), 1879–1880. doi:10.1097/CM9.0000000000000328

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Yang, H., Wu, Z., Li, X., Huang, Y., Li, J., He, F., et al. (2023). A novel variant of the POLR3A gene in a Chinese patient with POLR3-related leukodystrophy. Neurol. Sci. 44 (9), 3363–3368. doi:10.1007/s10072-023-06767-z

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar