REVIEW article

Front. Mar. Sci.

Sec. Marine Pollution

Volume 12 - 2025 | doi: 10.3389/fmars.2025.1598584

This article is part of the Research TopicNew Pollutants in the Marine Ecosystem: Environmental and Human Health from a One Health PerspectiveView all 3 articles

Development of Deep-sea Mining and its Environmental Impacts:A Review

Provisionally accepted
Chi  TianChi Tian1Wen  YaoWen Yao2Yao  TengYao Teng2*Feng  DiaoFeng Diao2Xinguang  DuXinguang Du3Peng  GuPeng Gu1*Weixin  ZhouWeixin Zhou3
  • 1Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
  • 2Taihu Laboratory of Deepsea Technological Science Lianyungang Center, Lianyungang, China
  • 3China Ship Scientific Research Center (CSSRC), Wuxi City, Jiangsu, China

The final, formatted version of the article will be published soon.

With the increasing demand for mineral resources and the continuous depletion of terrestrial mineral deposits, deep-sea mining has garnered significant attention from governments, industries, and research institutions. However, the current deep-sea mining technologies remain incompletely developed, and their environmental impacts cannot be overlooked. This review presents a brief introduction to the three primary mineral resources found in the deep sea and the relative deep-sea mining system, along with their potential environmental risks. As the deep-sea benthic ecosystem is particularly vulnerable, the impacts on environment of each phase of deep-sea mining should be monitored and controlled. The movement and operation of seafloor mining vehicles generate both direct and indirect environmental impacts, including seabed destruction and plume generation. These effects pose significant threats to benthic organisms and alter the deep-sea environment. Finally, we present future perspectives and insights for subsequent research and the industrialization of deep-sea mining.

Keywords: deep-sea mining, Mineral distribution, mining technology, Environmental impact, Monitoring and assessment

Received: 23 Mar 2025; Accepted: 29 Apr 2025.

Copyright: © 2025 Tian, Yao, Teng, Diao, Du, Gu and Zhou. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) or licensor are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

* Correspondence:
Yao Teng, Taihu Laboratory of Deepsea Technological Science Lianyungang Center, Lianyungang, China
Peng Gu, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China

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