METHODS article
Front. Mar. Sci.
Sec. Ocean Observation
Volume 12 - 2025 | doi: 10.3389/fmars.2025.1600634
Causality-driven Localization Method for Improving Ensemble-based Kalman Filters in Strongly Coupled Data Assimilation system
Provisionally accepted
- Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
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Strongly coupled data assimilation (SCDA) is a critical tool for improving Earth system predictions by directly integrating observational data into coupled numerical models that simulate interactions among atmospheric, oceanic, and terrestrial components. However, SCDA faces significant challenges, including high sensitivity to hyperparameters such as localization and difficulties in diagnosing cross-component interactions. These challenges can arise in ensemble-based Kalman filters, a primary category method used in SCDA, due to limited ensemble sizes. This study introduces a novel causality-driven localization method for SCDA utilizing the Liang-Kleeman (LK) information flow. By transforming the empirical determination of localization parameters, as done in the conventional Gaspari-Cohn (G-C) localization method, into a quantitative assessment of causal dependence strength, the LK information flow generates an anisotropic localization method that provides a physically constrained framework for SCDA. Through twin experiments using the Ensemble Adjustment Kalman Filter (EAKF) based on an intermediate atmosphere-ocean-land coupled model, the LK-based SCDA is found to outperform the G-C localization method. The LK method captures variable heterogeneity, directional asymmetry, and spatial heterogeneity in component interactions, leading to faster stabilization and more accurate assimilation results, with these improvements being particularly pronounced in small ensemble sizes. These findings highlight the potential of causality-driven localization to enhance the robustness and efficiency of SCDA, particularly in complex, multi-component systems.
Keywords: Strongly Coupled Data Assimilation1, EAKF2, Localization3, Adaptive method4, Causal analysis5
Received: 26 Mar 2025; Accepted: 07 Aug 2025.
Copyright: © 2025 Tianao, Wang, Cao, Li and Han. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) or licensor are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.
* Correspondence: Xuan Wang, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
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