ORIGINAL RESEARCH article
Front. Mar. Sci.
Sec. Physical Oceanography
Volume 12 - 2025 | doi: 10.3389/fmars.2025.1648295
Eddy kinetic energy variability of the Kuroshio Extension and its upstream-downstream connectivity
Provisionally accepted
- 1Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- 2Korea Institute of Ocean Science & Technology, Busan, Republic of Korea
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The Kuroshio Extension (KE) system in the western North Pacific includes energetic meanders of the Kuroshio jet that are full of mesoscale eddies. This study analyzed the variability of eddy kinetic energy (EKE) in the KE region, focusing on its connectivity between the upstream and downstream regions. Three dominant modes of the EKE variability were identified through the empirical orthogonal function (EOF) analysis during 1993–2014, using a high-resolution reanalysis product. The spatial patterns of both the first and third modes present an overall out-of-phase relationship between the upstream and downstream regions. The principal component (PC) time series of the first EOF mode exhibits interannual to decadal variability and is correlated to the North Pacific Gyre Oscillations index with a time lag of about three years. It is also correlated with the PC time series of the third mode with a two-year time lag, suggesting that the third mode precedes the first mode associated with the westward propagation of baroclinic Rossby waves. The second mode, however, shows an in-phase spatial pattern between the upstream and downstream, and its PC time series exhibits strong seasonal variability with an interannual modulation. It is concluded that the upstream-downstream connectivity of the EKE in the KE region is explained by a combination of the out-of-phase variability on interannual to decadal timescales and the in-phase variability on seasonal to interannual timescales.
Keywords: Kuroshio Extension, Eddy kinetic energy, upstream-downstream connectivity, Pacific Decadal Oscillation, North Pacific Gyre Oscillation, Rossby wave
Received: 17 Jun 2025; Accepted: 20 Oct 2025.
Copyright: © 2025 Lee, Na, Park, Park and Cho. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) or licensor are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.
* Correspondence: Hanna Na, hanna.ocean@snu.ac.kr
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