ORIGINAL RESEARCH article
Front. Med.
Sec. Nephrology
Efficacy and safety of soluble guanylate cyclase stimulators or activators for Chronic Kidney Disease: A systematic review and meta-analysis
Jiaying Zhang 1
Xin Li 2
Xiaofeng Yu 1
1. Mianyang Third People's Hospital, Mianyang, China
2. Chengdu Third People's Hospital, Chengdu, China
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Abstract
Background: Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) poses a major global health burden, leading to serious complications and death. The nitric oxide (NO)-soluble guanylate cyclase (sGC)-cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP) signaling axis regulates various kidney functions. sGC stimulators (sGCs) and activators (sGCa) are emerging as a potential new approach for the treatment of renal disorders. However, there is still a lack of large-scale research on CKD. Methods: We systematically searched the PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, and Cochrane Library databases from January 1971 to December 2025 to identify studies examining the effects of sGCs or sGCa on CKD. Pooled standardized mean differences (SMDs) or odds ratios (ORs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated for study outcomes. Results: Ten studies were included in the final analysis. The administration of sGCs or sGCa was associated with significant reductions in kidney weight (SMD = -1.55, 95%CI: -2.19, -0.90), systolic blood pressure (SMD = -3.52, 95%CI: -6.48, -0.56), and serum uric acid levels (SMD = -3.82, 95%CI: -4.84, -2.80), alongside improved renal function (serum creatinine: SMD = -3.24, 95%CI: -4.94, -1.55; blood urea nitrogen: SMD = -3.53, 95%CI: -5.30, -1.76). However, no significant impact on body weight was observed (SMD = -0.24, 95%CI: -1.17, 0.68). Subgroup analysis indicated that treatment efficacy remained consistent regardless of the specific sGC type but may vary across different forms of chronic kidney disease. Conclusion: This preclinical meta-analysis indicates that sGC stimulators and activators exert renoprotective effects in CKD, with efficacy potentially influenced by disease etiology. By restoring impaired NO–sGC–cGMP signaling through distinct mechanisms, these agents may offer complementary therapeutic options for different CKD types and inform future clinical trial design.
Summary
Keywords
Chronic Kidney Disease, Meta-analysis, review - systematic, soluble guanylate cyclase activators, Soluble guanylate cyclase stimulators
Received
30 December 2025
Accepted
17 February 2026
Copyright
© 2026 Zhang, Li and Yu. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) or licensor are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.
*Correspondence: Xiaofeng Yu
Disclaimer
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