CASE REPORT article
Front. Med.
Sec. Ophthalmology
From Imaging to Genetics: A Case of Congenital Restrictive Strabismus with SEOM Expands the 22q11.2 Duplication Syndrome Phenotype
1. Eye Center, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
2. Xiamen Clinical Research Center for Eye Diseases, Xiamen, China
3. Xiamen Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Xiamen, China
4. Fujian Key Laboratory of Corneal & Ocular Surface Diseases, Xiamen, China
5. Xiamen Key Laboratory of Corneal & Ocular Surface Diseases, Xiamen, China
6. Translational Medicine Institute of Xiamen Eye Center of Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
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Abstract
This study presents a case of restrictive strabismus with ipsilateral enophthalmos secondary to a supernumerary extraocular muscle (SEOM). Orbital MRI and posterior segment OCT provided direct imaging evidence that delineated the posterior origin of the SEOM and its mechanical traction on the globe, while also revealing concomitant hypoplasia of the medial and lateral rectus muscles. These findings together elucidate the mechanical basis of both ocular motility restriction and enophthalmos in this case. Genetic analysis revealed a pathogenic duplication in the 22q11.21 region, which—to our knowledge—is the first reported association linking this variant to SEOM-related restrictive strabismus, thereby expanding the ocular phenotypic spectrum of the 22q11.2 duplication syndrome. The discussion underscores that surgical intervention carries substantial risk due to the deep, optic-nerve-adjacent location of the SEOM and the presence of rectus muscle hypoplasia, compounded by the reportedly poorer prognosis associated with posterior SEOM (Type 3). Hence, conservative management was advised. This case highlights the central diagnostic role of MRI and offers novel insights into the etiology and individualized management of anomalous orbital structures.
Summary
Keywords
22q11.2 duplication, Anomalous Orbital Structures, copy number variation, Globe retraction, Strabismus, Supernumerary Extraocular Muscle
Received
06 January 2026
Accepted
06 February 2026
Copyright
© 2026 Wei, Gao and Xie. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) or licensor are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.
*Correspondence: Ruxin Gao; Renyi Xie
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