Comparison of Immediate and Sequential Withdrawal of a Systemic Glucocorticoid in the Treatment of Acute Exacerbations of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease: A Multicenter, Randomized, Double-Blind, Parallel-Controlled, Open-Label Study

Abstract

Patients with acute exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (AECOPD) were treated with immediate or sequential withdrawal after 5 days of systemic glucocorticoids. The effects of the two withdrawal methods on the prognosis of patients were compared at 30, 90, 180, and 360 days after discharge. A multicenter, randomized, double-blind, parallel-controlled, open-label study was conducted in the respiratory department of tertiary hospitals in Central China. Patients met inclusion criteria for AECOPD and needed to use systemic glucocorticoids. They were randomly assigned to immediate and sequential withdrawal groups at a 1:1 ratio. The study was completed in August 2020 and is registered at the China Clinical Trials Registry (Chictr.org) (ChiCTR1800018894). According to general data and clinical characteristics, there were no statistically significant differences between the 329 patients in the immediate withdrawal group and the 310 patients in the sequential withdrawal group (P > 0.05). At the 30, 90, 180, and 360-days follow-up, the acute exacerbation frequency, rehospitalization rate, mortality, and intensive care unit (ICU) treatment rate were not significantly different between the immediate withdrawal group and sequential withdrawal group (P > 0.05). The modified Medical Research Council (mMRC) and COPD assessment test (CAT) scores were also not significantly different between the two groups. At the 180- and 360-day follow-up, forced expiratory volume in 1 s (FEV1%) and peak expiratory flow (PEF) were not significantly different between the two groups (P > 0.05). The time from discharge to first acute exacerbation was significantly lower in the immediate withdrawal group (46.12 days) than in sequential withdrawal group (49.02 days) (P < 0.05). The time of stay in the hospital for the first time after discharge was not significantly different between the two groups (P > 0.05). Adverse events were not significantly different between the immediate withdrawal group and sequential withdrawal group (P < 0.05). Subgroup analysis was performed according to age, degree of disease, and relevant indicators. At the 30-day follow-up, the acute exacerbation frequency of patients with advanced age, high global strategy for chronic obstructive lung disease (GOLD), and high fractional exhaled nitric oxide was significantly higher in the immediate withdrawal group than in the sequential withdrawal group (P < 0.05). In addition, according to receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis, the frequency of acute exacerbations at the 30-day follow-up was significantly higher in patients with age > 63.5 years or GOLD > 3 in the immediate withdrawal group than in the sequential withdrawal group, suggesting that the short-term efficacy was poor.

Introduction

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a chronic, non-specific disease in which inflammation of the airways activates inflammatory epithelial and smooth muscle cells and the release of inflammatory mediators (Doumas et al., 2020). Considering its high rates of morbidity and disability, COPD can pose a serious threat to human health (Rabe et al., 2020). Acute exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (AECOPD) occur when COPD patients show rapid changes within a short period (Vermeersch et al., 2019), with obvious aggravation of clinical symptoms such as cough, sputum production, dyspnea, and shortness of breath. In the absence of timely treatment, the life of the patient may be in jeopardy (Berenyi et al., 2020).

The Global Strategy for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease (GOLD) guide indicates that glucocorticoids can shorten recovery time and improve lung function and hypoxia during acute exacerbations, in addition to reducing the risk of recurrence and disease progression (Burns et al., 2020). However, the long-term use of glucocorticoids causes a variety of adverse events, such as hyperglycemia, necrosis of the femoral head, reduction in immunity, and increased risk of infection (Lucafo et al., 2020). The GOLD guide recommends methyl prednisone at 40 mg/d for 5 days in cases of AECOPD (Leuppi et al., 2013). The United Kingdom National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE) recommended that COPD be treated with systemic glucocorticoids for 7–14 days (National Collaborating Centre for Chronic, 2004). The Australian and New Zealand guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of COPD recommend an optimal course of systemic glucocorticoids for 10–14 days (McKenzie et al., 2003). Thus, there is still no consensus on the treatment time and dose of systemic glucocorticoids in the treatment of AECOPD. In this study, a randomized controlled trial was used to compare the short-term efficacy and long-term prognosis of immediate and sequential withdrawal of methyl prednisone treatment of AECOPD.

Materials and Methods

Study Design and Subjects

A multicenter, randomized, double-blind, parallel-controlled study was conducted in tertiary hospitals in Central China to compare the effects of systemic glucocorticoid immediate or sequential withdrawal on the prognosis of AECOPD patients at 30, 90, 180, and 360 days after discharge. Patients admitted from July 2017 to August 2019 were randomly assigned to the immediate and sequential withdrawal groups at a 1:1 ratio. Patients in the immediate withdrawal group received intravenous injections of methyl predrone at 40 mg/d for five consecutive days, then withdrawal on day six. Patients in the sequential withdrawal group received the same 5-day treatment, but the dose was reduced to 30 mg/d on days six and seven, to 20 mg/d on days eight and nine, and then stopped completely on day 10. The immediate group received the same amount of saline injection as the sequential withdrawal group from 6 to 10 days. To evaluate the efficacy and prognosis of the two treatment regiments, patient follow-ups were conducted for 1 year from the discharge date. The competent authorities of participating hospitals and the Medical Ethics Committee of Tongji Medical College of Huazhong University of Science and Technology approved the study (2018-S301). The study is registered at the China Clinical Trials Registry (Chictr.org) (ChiCTR1800018894).

All patients agreed to participate in the study and signed the informed consent. The inclusion criteria were as follows: (1) age between 40 years and 70 years; (2) diagnosis of AECOPD: sudden changes in clinical symptoms, including dyspnea, cough, and expectoration of sputum; (3) COPD beyond the range of daily variation; (4) pulmonary function examination indicating that forced expiratory volume in 1 s (FEV1%) < 0.70 after previous use of a bronchodilator. Patients suffering from the following diseases or lesions were excluded: (1) those critically ill patients with assisted respiratory muscle involvement in respiratory movement, thoracic and abdominal contradictory breathing, cyanosis, or need for invasive mechanical ventilation; (2) those with edema, right heart failure, or hemodynamic instability; (3) those with changes in mental state; (4) those with malignant tumors or other serious diseases.

Randomization, Double Blindness, and Follow-ups

The study leader LHG placed the subjects in order of inclusion in either the sequential withdrawal or the immediate withdrawal group. The study leader did not participate in subject recruitment and kept the randomization form confidential. Since the subjects signed the consent form, the researchers and the subjects were informed of the grouping.

Baseline measurements were taken on the day of recruitment, and clinical symptoms were assessed daily during hospitalization (cough assessment score, sputum viscosity, sputum volume, mMRC score). Discharge decisions were made by the attending physician. Clinical symptoms, mMRC score, and CAT score were assessed on days 30, 90, 180, and 360 after discharge, with the frequency of acute exacerbations from the last follow-up recorded. Pulmonary function (FEV1%,PEF) was measured on days 180 and 360 after discharge. There was a focus on adverse events (hypertension, kidney injury, electrolyte disturbance, infection, edema, plasma glucose, and osteoporosis) during and after therapy.

Endpoints

The primary endpoint was the frequency of acute exacerbations at 30, 90, 180, and 360 days after discharge. The key secondary endpoint was mortality. Other secondary endpoints were the mMRC score, CAT score, rehospitalization rate, and ICU treatment rate at 30, 90, 180, and 360 days after discharge and FEV1% and PEF at 180 and 360 days after discharge.

Statistical Analyses

Categorical variables were presented as numbers (percentages) and analyzed using a chi-squared test or Fisher’s exact test. Continuous variables with a normal distribution were expressed as the mean ± standard deviation and analyzed using the independent samples t-test, whereas those with a skewed distribution were shown as the median (Q₁, Q₃) and analyzed using the Mann–Whitney U test. COX regression analyses were adopted to identify risk factors of prognosis. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves were used to calculate the area under the curve (AUC) of a single continuous variable and the cutoff value. The SPSS software v 25.0 (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, United States) was used for statistical analyses. Differences at P < 0.05 (two-sided) were considered statistically significant.

Results

General Data and Clinical Characteristics

Trial participant assignment to immediate and sequential withdrawal groups, and inclusion in follow-ups are shown in Figure 1. There were 639 COPD patients, including 349 males and 290 females. The average age was 61.02 years, and the average body mass index was 26.03. There were 230 patients that had smoked in the past and 62 patients that were smoking at the time of the study, with 14.93 years being the average time of smoking. Forty-nine cases had COPD exacerbations more than three times in the previous year. Fifteen cases had a history of exposure to biofuels. Among these indicators, there were no statistically significant differences between the immediate and sequential withdrawal group (P > 0.05). In addition, the Charlson comorbidity index, admission characteristics, pulmonary function indicators, GOLD grade, mMRC score, CAT score, laboratory indicators, and use of home oxygen therapy were not significantly different between the two groups (P > 0.05). We focus on hypertension, kidney injury, electrolyte disturbance, infection, edema, plasma glucose, and osteoporosis in this study, but there were no statistically significant differences between the immediate withdrawal group and sequential withdrawal group (P > 0.05, Table 1).

FIGURE 1

Endpoints

The primary endpoint was the frequency of acute exacerbations in the follow-ups at 30, 90, 180, and 360 days after discharge. The frequency of acute exacerbations was not significantly different between immediate and sequential withdrawal groups at 30, 90, 180, and 360 days after discharge (P > 0.05, Figure 2).

FIGURE 2

The key secondary endpoint was mortality. Mortality was not significantly different between immediate and sequential withdrawal groups at 30, 90, 180, and 360 days (P > 0.05). The other secondary endpoints were mMRC score, CAT score, admission rate, and ICU treatment rate at 30, 90, 180, and 360 days after discharge and FEV1% and PEF at 180 and 360 days after discharge. There were no statistically significant differences in these indicators between the two groups (P > 0.05). The time from discharge to first acute exacerbation was significantly lower in the immediate withdrawal group (46.12 days) than in the sequential withdrawal group (49.02 days) (P < 0.05). The time of stay in the hospital for the first time after discharge was longer in the immediate withdrawal group (6.28 days) than in the sequential withdrawal group (6.17 days), but the difference was not statistically significant (P > 0.05, Table 2).

Subgroup Analysis

Subgroup Analysis at the 30-day Follow-Up

Prognostic evaluation was defined according to acute exacerbation frequency in the follow-up at 30 days after discharge. Subgroup analysis was performed according to the history of frequent acute exacerbations, C-reactive protein (CRP), eosinophils, fractional exhaled nitric oxide (FeNO), GOLD grade, and age (Figure 3). In patients with either frequent or infrequent acute exacerbation history, high CRP or low CRP, high eosinophils or low eosinophils, there was no statistically significant difference in acute exacerbation frequency between immediate and sequential withdrawal groups at the 30-day follow-up (P > 0.05). Although the acute exacerbation frequency of patients with high FeNO showed no statistically significant difference between the two groups (P > 0.05), in patients with low FeNO, the difference was significant between immediate and sequential withdrawal groups (P < 0.05). Although the acute exacerbation frequency of patients with a low GOLD grade was not different between the two withdrawal groups, in patients with a high GOLD grade, the difference was significant between immediate and sequential withdrawal groups at the 30-day follow-up (P < 0.05). The acute exacerbation frequency in patients with age ≤ 59 years showed no statistically significant difference between the immediate and sequential withdrawal groups (P > 0.05). However, in patients with age > 59 years, the difference between withdrawal methods was significant (P < 0.05). Thus, the results of the 30-day follow-up show acute exacerbation frequency in patients with advanced age, high GOLD grade, and low FeNO, and was significantly higher in the immediate withdrawal group than in the sequential withdrawal group (P < 0.05, Figure 3).

FIGURE 3

Subgroup Analysis at the 360-day Follow-up

Prognostic evaluation was defined according to acute exacerbation frequency in the follow-up at 360 days. Subgroup analysis was performed according to the history of frequent acute exacerbations, CRP, eosinophils, FeNO, GOLD grade, and age (Figure 4). In patients with a history of either previous frequent aggravation or infrequent aggravation, there was no statistically significant difference in acute exacerbation frequency between immediate and sequential withdrawal groups at the 360-day follow-up (P > 0.05). Similarly, in patients with either high or low CRP, high or low eosinophils, high or low FeNO, high or low GOLD grade, age ≤ 59 years or age > 59 years, there was no statistically significant difference in acute exacerbation frequency between immediate and sequential withdrawal groups at the 360-day follow-up (P > 0.05, Figure 4).

FIGURE 4

Efficacy Analysis of Each Indicator at the 30-day Follow-up

Subgroup analysis showed that different ages, GOLD grading, and FeNO values could affect short-term efficacy. ROC curve analysis was performed based on the significant index values (age, GOLD, FeNO) to analyze short-term efficacy. Although FeNO had no diagnostic value for short-term efficacy (P > 0.05), age and GOLD grading had diagnostic value in evaluating the short-term efficacy (P < 0.05). Thus, age > 63.5 years with an AUC = 0.668 (95%CI: 0.627–0.711) and GOLD > 3 with an AUC = 0.638 (95%CI: 0.586–0.689) were risk factors for short-term efficacy (Figure 5 and Table 3).

FIGURE 5

Discussion

The treatment goal for AECOPD is to minimize the adverse effects of the current deterioration of the disease as soon as possible and prevent the development of subsequent events (Zhang et al., 2020). Standardized diagnosis and treatment measures play an important role in the prognosis of patients. Current recommendations from the Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease suggest that patients who continue to have exacerbations should initially step up to glucocorticoid therapy (Terry and Dhand, 2019, 2020). GOLD point out AECOPD treatment strategies: “A dose of 40 mg prednisone per day for 5 days is recommended.” and “Intensified combination therapy with ICS/LABA for 10 days at Upper Respiratory Tract Infection onset could be associated with a reduction of exacerbations, particularly in patients with severe disease” (Singh et al., 2019). Immediate withdrawal for 5-days can reduce the treatment dose of glucocorticoid, but rapid withdrawal or dose reduction may result in a rebound effect, causing aggravation and deterioration of the original disease. Prolonged use of glucocorticoid can reverse severe illness and reduce the acute acerbation frequency in specific subgroups. some diseases, such as hypopituitarism, adrenocortical dysfunction, nephrotic syndrome, systemic lupus erythematosus, rheumatoid arthritis and other diseases need long-term use, or even lifelong use. long-term use of glucocorticoids may cause some adverse events, such as obesity, peptic ulcer, or even gastrointestinal bleeding, which can also cause high blood pressure, high plasma glucose, osteoporosis, and aseptic necrosis of the femoral head. In this study, a randomized controlled trial comparing the short-term efficacy and long-term prognosis of immediate and sequential withdrawal of methyl prednisone was performed.

The trial included more than 600 patients with COPD, and all patients were randomly assigned to either the immediate withdrawal group or the sequential withdrawal group. The general data were analyzed to ensure there were no statistically significant differences between the immediate and sequential withdrawal groups (P > 0.05). Follow-up results show the frequency of acute exacerbations had no statistically significant differences between the immediate and sequential withdrawal groups at 30, 90, 180, and 360 days after discharge (P > 0.05). The mMRC dyspnea score is a 5-point (0–4) scale based on the severity of dyspnea (Cheng et al., 2019), and the CAT score is a patient-completed instrument used to assess and quantify health-related quality of life and symptom burden in COPD patients (Jones et al., 2009). As indicators of prognosis, mMRC and CAT scores were not statistically significant difference between the immediate and sequential withdrawal groups during follow-up (P > 0.05). The 2011 GOLD consensus report uses symptoms, exacerbation history, and FEV1% to improve the clinical assessment and to guide treatment of COPD patients (Vestbo et al., 2012). In this study, there were no statistically significant differences in FEV1% and PEF between immediate and sequential withdrawal groups at 180 and 360 days (P > 0.05). The time from discharge to first acute exacerbation was significantly lower (P < 0.05) in the immediate withdrawal group (46.12 days) than in the sequential withdrawal group (49.02 days), indicating that sequential withdrawal of glucocorticoid can hold a longer disease stabilization time.

Different studies recommend different durations of glucocorticoid application, Yii et al. (2019) found that a history of frequent acute exacerbations is a strong and independent predictor of prognosis. In addition, the history of exacerbations is independent of severe exacerbations (Han et al., 2017). Moreover, Motegi et al. (2013) found that no index was significantly better than history of exacerbation alone to predict future exacerbations. In this study, subgroup analysis was performed according to the history of frequent acute exacerbation, but there was no statistically significant difference between the two withdrawal groups (P > 0.05).

The CRP is a type of acute protein that increases sharply in the plasma when the body is infected or damaged (Aksu et al., 2013). It can activate, complement, and enhance phagocytosis of phagocytes and play a regulatory role in clearing invading pathogenic microorganisms and injured, necrotic, and apoptotic cells (Sacks, 2019). The value of CRP as a prognostic biomarker in AECOPD patients has been extensively investigated (Sneh et al., 2020). The association of blood eosinophil levels with rehospitalization rates is a question that remains to be answered: some studies show increased rehospitalizations (Vedel-Krogh et al., 2016; Couillard et al., 2017), whereas others find no significant effect (Bafadhel et al., 2016). In this study, subgroup analysis was performed according to CRP and eosinophils, but there was no statistically significant difference between the two methods of withdrawal (P > 0.05). This result might be due to CRP having a half-life of 19 h and therefore there is no significant difference in a long-term follow-up. Thus, the study was expanded to identify the relevant indicators. The GOLD was developed to spread awareness of COPD as a major public health problem and facilitate its prevention and treatment (Nowak et al., 2020). To explore the effect of the GOLD on patient prognosis, patients were divided into high or low GOLD grade groups, and the difference was significant (P < 0.05). The GOLD attempts to promote spirometry not only as a case-finding and prognostication tool for airflow obstruction but also as a marker for good health (Bhatt et al., 2019). According to this study, patients with an elevated GOLD grade should be treated with sequential withdrawal.

The FeNO measurement was considered to be a biomarker for airway eosinophilic inflammation (Zhou et al., 2020), because its concentration is highly correlated with the number of inflammatory cells (Hogman et al., 2019). In this study, subgroup analysis was performed according to FeNO, and the difference was not statistically significant (P > 0.05). FeNO is significantly elevated in asthmatic patients (Heaney et al., 2019), and FeNO values in stable COPD patients were slightly higher than those in healthy individuals (Matsunaga et al., 2020). The relationship between FeNO and AECOPD needs to be explored further. The elderly are the main patients with chronic diseases (Zhou et al., 2019), COPD is one of the major chronic diseases. In this study, subgroup analysis was performed according to age, and the difference was significant (P < 0.05). The ROC curve analysis showed sequential withdrawal at age > 59 years could decrease acute exacerbation frequency at the 30-day follow-up. Elderly patients are likely to have many complications that affect treatment (Rydberg et al., 2020). Clinicians should consider increasing age as a key risk factor in the management of COPD and develop correct treatment to improve the therapeutic effect (Stone et al., 2012). Because there was no consensus for the time and dose of systemic glucocorticoids in treating AECOPD, they should be explored in further studies.

The study had some deficiencies: (1) although the study was a randomized, double-blind, controlled trial, the open labeling might have affected clinical decisions and outcome endpoints; (2) the number of patients were insufficient to distinguish causes of death, and mortality assessment was not targeted, therefore, adverse reactions of glucocorticoid therapy might not have been detected.

Conclusion

In this study, the glucocorticoid schemes for AECOPD treatment were analyzed. sequential withdrawal of glucocorticoid can hold a longer disease stabilization time. The frequency of acute exacerbations at the 30-day follow-up was significantly higher in patients with age > 63.5 years or GOLD > 3 in the immediate withdrawal group than in the sequential withdrawal group, suggesting that the short-term efficacy was poor. AECOPD patients who are elderly or with a high GOLD grade should be treated with glucocorticoid sequential withdrawal to reduce the acute exacerbation frequency of the 30-day follow-up.

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