ORIGINAL RESEARCH article
Front. Mol. Biosci.
Sec. Glycoscience
Volume 12 - 2025 | doi: 10.3389/fmolb.2025.1593708
This article is part of the Research TopicSulfated Glycans: Structure, Synthesis, Function, and ApplicationsView all articles
Raider of the lost N-glycans -Localizing rare, easily overlooked IgG N-glycans with sulfation or bisecting LacNAc
Provisionally accepted- 1glyXera GmbH, Magdeburg, Germany
- 2New England Biolabs, Ipswich, Massachusetts, United States
- 3Faculty of Medicine, University Hospital Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Saxony-Anhalt, Germany
- 4Max Planck Institute for Dynamics of Complex Technical Systems, Max Planck Society, Magdeburg, Saxony-Anhalt, Germany
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Immunoglobulin G (IgG) is the most abundant immunoglobulin in human blood. Here it plays a central role in the immune system by recognizing antigens and mediating effector functions of the humoral immune defense. The role of IgG N-glycosylation in many of these processes is well known. However, low low-abundant N-glycans with special features, like sulfation or galactosylated bisecting N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc), are rarely accounted for due to their challenging detection. These structures are frequently overlooked and their presence on IgG is disputed mainly because specialized enrichment and analysis strategies are required for their detection. Consequently, they are disregarded in studies of IgG N-glycosylation, which in general is well understood. But functional knowledge is mainly based on N-glycans found in IgGs Fc region that contains a conserved N-glycosylation site. In contrast, the influence of N-glycosylation within the Fab region is less well understood, partly because it is present at non-conserved glycosylation sites found on only 10-25% of IgG. Here, we performed an in-depth analysis of released N-glycans derived from intact IgG, its Fab and its Fc regions. For this we combined proteolytic fragmentation of IgG obtained by affinity chromatography and exoglycosidase sequencing based on multiplexed capillary gel electrophoresis with laser-induced fluorescence (xCGE-LIF). By using these simple and readily available methods, we localized N-glycans bearing sulfation or galactosylated bisecting GlcNAc on IgG, and found them on IgA, too. Further, we proved sulfation of N-glycans using an apo-sulfatase in an epitope-directed glycan enrichment (EDGE-)profiling workflow. With our novel findings, we provide insights into hypothetical biological implications of these low low-abundant N-glycan features and advocate for their inclusion in future studies of IgG N-glycosylation.
Keywords: IgG N-glycosylation, Fab N-glycosylation, Fc N-glycosylation, bisecting LacNAc, sulfated N-glycans, xCGE-LIF, Sulfation, sulfatase
Received: 14 Mar 2025; Accepted: 09 Jun 2025.
Copyright: © 2025 Burock, Chuzel, Kähne, Reichl, Rapp and Hennig. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) or licensor are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.
* Correspondence: Rene Hennig, glyXera GmbH, Magdeburg, Germany
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