ORIGINAL RESEARCH article
Front. Mol. Neurosci.
Sec. Brain Disease Mechanisms
Clinical and Genetic Determinants of Glioblastoma Multiforme Survival: A Retrospective Study
Julia Lara Gutiérrez-Arroyo 1
Pia Gallego Porcar 1
Elvira Carbonell Martínez 1
Luis German González Bonet 2,1
Maria Victoria Ibañez 3
María Díaz-Ruiz 2
Hugo Caballero-Arzapalo 2
Ariadna Soto 2
Guillermo Garcia-Oriola 2
José María Borras-Moreno 2
Conrado Martínez Cadenas 1
Maria Angeles Marques-Torrejon 3,1
1. Universitat Jaume I Facultat de Ciencies de la Salut, Castellón de la Plana, Spain
2. Hospital General Universitari de Castello, Castellón de la Plana, Spain
3. University of Jaume I, Castelló de La Plana, Spain
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Abstract
Background: This study analysed 57 patients with glioblastoma multiforme treated at the General University Hospital of Castellon, Spain, focusing on clinical, tumour-specific and genetic factors influencing disease outcome. Variables included age, sex, BMI, extent of surgical resection, and use of radiotherapy or chemotherapy. Tumour characteristics assessed included location, size, proximity to the ventricular system and surgical approach. Genetic mutations in the EGFR, TP53 and CDKN2A genes were also analysed. Methods: Kaplan–Meier survival analysis was used to assess the impact of clinical, tumour-related, treatment, lifestyle and genetic variables on overall survival and progression-free survival, with group differences evaluated using log-rank tests. Given the exploratory nature of the study and the sample size, multivariable modelling was not performed. Patients with IDH1/2-mutant tumours were excluded in accordance with the 2021 World Health Organization (WHO) classification, which no longer defines IDH-mutant grade 4 astrocytomas as glioblastoma. Results: A significant finding was the strong association between extent of resection, tumour proximity to the ventricular system and survival: patients with tumours closer to the ventricles had significantly shorter survival, highlighting the critical role of spatial tumour characteristics in glioblastoma multiforme outcomes. Conclusion: These results suggest that integrating clinical, genetic and spatial tumour data into personalised treatment approaches could improve prognosis.
Summary
Keywords
Genetic mutations, glioblastoma survival analysis, prognosis, tumour features, Ventricular system
Received
05 November 2025
Accepted
03 February 2026
Copyright
© 2026 Gutiérrez-Arroyo, Gallego Porcar, Carbonell Martínez, González Bonet, Ibañez, Díaz-Ruiz, Caballero-Arzapalo, Soto, Garcia-Oriola, Borras-Moreno, Martínez Cadenas and Marques-Torrejon. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) or licensor are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.
*Correspondence: Maria Angeles Marques-Torrejon
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