Unique Presentation of Superficial Siderosis of the Central Nervous System Following Pituitary Tumor Surgery: A Case Report and Literature Review

Abstract

Superficial Siderosis of the Central Nervous System is an infrequent neurological disorder resulting from hemosiderin deposition due to chronic and recurrent subarachnoid hemorrhage, leading to significant neurological impairments including sensorineural hearing loss, cerebellar ataxia, and pyramidal signs. This case report presents a 50-year-old male patient with a history of pituitary tumor surgery, manifesting progressive neurological symptoms over two years, thereby highlighting the potential long-term complications associated with SSCNS. The atypical clinical presentation, coupled with a surgical background, underscores the diagnostic challenges faced by clinicians, who may misattribute symptoms to more common neurological conditions. Advanced imaging modalities, particularly susceptibility-weighted imaging (SWI), have proven essential in enhancing the diagnostic accuracy for SSCNS, revealing characteristic patterns of iron deposition that are often subtle and can lead to delayed recognition. This case not only contributes to the existing literature by documenting a rare presentation of SSCNS but also emphasizes the necessity for increased awareness and vigilance among healthcare providers regarding this condition's complex manifestations. The findings advocate for interdisciplinary collaboration between neurologists and radiologists to improve recognition and management strategies, ultimately leading to better patient outcomes. Despite the rarity and variability of SSCNS, which complicates the establishment of standardized treatment protocols, this case highlights the critical need for continued research into its underlying mechanisms and therapy efficacy, particularly in patients with previous neurological interventions. Enhanced educational initiatives may be pivotal in addressing the diagnostic challenges associated with this debilitating condition.