ORIGINAL RESEARCH article
Front. Remote Sens.
Sec. Microwave Remote Sensing
Volume 6 - 2025 | doi: 10.3389/frsen.2025.1579261
Using spaceborne SAR and ground-based measurements to identify spatial patterns in soil moisture and seasonal thaw timing in permafrost environments of Alaska
Provisionally accepted
W. Brad Baxter1*
Zachary Hoppinen2
Kristofer Lasko3
Tate Meehan2David Brodylo1Taylor D Sullivan1Thomas A Douglas1- 1U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory, Alaska Research Office, Fort Wainwright, AK, United States
- 2U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory, Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems Center of Expertise, Hanover, NH, United States
- 3U.S. Army Geospatial Research Laboratory, Engineer Research and Development Center, Alexandria, VA, United States
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Spatiotemporal patterns in soil moisture play a critical role in the near-surface energy balance in permafrost regions, yet soil moisture detection in periglacial environments is complicated by highly heterogeneous terrain conditions. We integrate ground-based and spaceborne microwave methods to investigate patterns and controls on surface soil moisture (SSM) in boreal and arctic permafrost environments of Alaska. Soil sampling, geophysics, and probing revealed heterogeneous SSM with significant fine-scale (1 m) variability by topographic setting (p < 0.0001) and pedological characteristics (p = 0.01) in arctic tundra, and by land cover type (p < 0.001) in low-relief boreal forest. SSM spatial autocorrelation was greatest below 20 m thresholds demonstrating the adequate spatial resolution for capturing natural SSM heterogeneity at these sites. SMAP L-band was tested for coarse (9 km) soil moisture detection in boreal forest but demonstrated low representativeness from limited ground-based measurements. Finer resolution (~20 m) relative SSM derived from Sentinel-1 C-band time series in arctic tundra more closely represents the noted SSM autocorrelation length and is explored for visualizing SSM landscape variability. Satellite detection biases created by high-profile tussocks and thick organic soil horizons identified with probe-SSM reveal the need for site-specific soil conditions in satellite-SSM interpretations. Lastly, time-series of C-band backscatter distributions in boreal forest demonstrated potential for tracking soil thaw onset beneath residual spring snowpack. These results illustrate the complexity of SSM monitoring in periglacial environments and the potential for C-band backscatter and L-band SMAP for large-scale tracking of SSM in these environments.
Keywords: soil moisture, Synthetic aperture radar (SAR), Geophysics, Permafrost active layer, spatial autocorrelation, in situ, Sentinel-1, L-band
Received: 19 Feb 2025; Accepted: 29 Apr 2025.
Copyright: © 2025 Baxter, Hoppinen, Lasko, Meehan, Brodylo, Sullivan and Douglas. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) or licensor are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.
* Correspondence: W. Brad Baxter, U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory, Alaska Research Office, Fort Wainwright, AK, United States
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