Assessing Magnesium Chloride as a Chemical for Immobilization of a Symbiotic Jellyfish (Cassiopea sp.)

Introduction

Marine invertebrates represent a versatile model system used across many research disciplines, ranging from marine ecology to biochemical engineering (Tsien, 1998) and human aging research (Bodnar, 2009). Advanced visualization systems and fiberoptic microsensors are now commonplace techniques used to study marine invertebrates. However, high-quality research outcomes from these techniques often require the subject specimens to be immobilized, (Perez and Weis, 2006), anesthetized, or even euthanatized. Despite the invasiveness of these approaches, the impacts of these protocols on the data obtained is not commonly assessed or reported. The development of protocols enabling immobilization, anesthesia, or euthanasia for marine invertebrates has accelerated in the last 10 years, presumably owing to the rising demand for such studies (Lewbart et al., 2012). These protocols usually involve the treatment of specimens with chemicals, including menthol (Steedman, 1976), chloral hydrate (Pantin, 1946), ethanol (Pizzi, 2012), magnesium sulphate (Brusca, 1980), potassium chloride (Battison et al., 2000), and magnesium chloride (Pantin, 1946).

Magnesium chloride (MgCl₂) was first used in 1946 (Pantin, 1946) to “narcotize” marine invertebrates. Since then, it has been used extensively to anesthetize and euthanatize echinoderms, cephalopods, and coelenterates (Brusca, 1980; Messenger et al., 1985; Arai, 1997; Lewbart et al., 2012). Owing to the absence of side-effects at low MgCl₂ concentrations (Messenger et al., 1985), this method has found additional applicability in aquaculture and the transportation of organisms to reduce stress (Arafa et al., 2007). Indeed, MgCl₂ acts as muscle relaxant and immobilization agent and is known to prevent stress-induced spawning in bivalves (Heasman et al., 1995) and sea urchins (Arafa et al., 2007), and induces relaxation of cephalopods (Andrews and Tansey, 1981).

In cnidarians, MgCl₂ is mostly used to anesthetize specimens prior to their fixation in formalin (e.g., Acuña et al., 2012; Amiel and Röttinger, 2021; Di Camillo et al., 2021). Experiments on cnidarians, such as the moon jellyfish Aurelia aurita, have also revealed that MgCl₂ can be used to euthanize specimens without distress (i.e., death defined as cessation of bell pulsations and responsiveness to external stimulus; Doerr and Stoskopf, 2019) for nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) applications. However, a recent study revealed that long-term exposure to magnesium excess or deficiency can induce negative side-effects (Evans et al., 2021), including death (Doerr and Stoskopf, 2019), impairment of nematocyst function (Ozacmak et al., 2001), several growth-related issues (Dabrowska et al., 1991; Lim and Klesius, 2003), and an increase of bell pulsations as reported for A. aurita (Abrams et al., 2015). This is likely due to the essential role of magnesium in cellular osmosis and catecholamine interference (Fawcett et al., 1999).

Hence, no reliable method is yet available to immobilize cnidarians for experimental purposes. In this study we focus on the jellyfish stage of Cassiopea sp., commonly known as the upside-down jellyfish, which is often used as a model system in climate change and symbiosis-related studies (e.g., Mellas et al., 2014; Aljbour et al., 2017; Aljbour et al., 2019; Banha et al., 2020). Cassiopea spp. are also well known for their bell pulsation activity (Arai, 1997; Hamlet et al., 2011) and for releasing mucus when stressed (Pitt et al., 2009). Movements of the body were previously observed to interfere with specific experimental approaches involving the use of fiberoptic microsensors (e.g., breaking of microsensors tips, noisy measurements, etc.; Arossa et al., 2021) and needed to be minimized as much as possible. Additionally, obtaining high quality photos using confocal microscopy can be affected by this factor. For this purpose, we tested the efficiency and the effects of the use of MgCl₂ as an immobilization agent on individuals of Cassiopea sp. at jellyfish stage. The following biological responses were analyzed: bell pulsation frequency, photochemical efficiency (Fv/Fm), bell diameter, time to unresponsiveness, responsiveness to physical stimulus, and recovery.

Materials and Methods

Experimental Approach and Preliminary Tests

Twenty-three individuals at jellyfish stage of Cassiopea sp. (bell diameter average: 8.68 cm ± SD 1.70 cm), similar in condition and without abnormalities, were collected from the mangroves surrounding the KAUST Monument (22.340905°N, 39.09024°E), at 0.20 – 1 m depth, in the Central Red Sea in June 2021. Seawater temperature, salinity and light conditions, measured in situ, were 28.0°C ± 0.01, 42 ppt, and ~1246.2 µmol photons m^-2 s^-1 (photosynthetic active radiation [PAR]), respectively. The jellyfish were immediately transported to the Coastal and Marine Resources Core Labs (CMR) aquaria facilities at the King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST) for acclimation. Acclimation was performed in an outdoor tank (200 L) under natural light conditions (approximately 12:12-hr light: dark cycle, maximum 2130.00 µmol photons m^-2 s^-1 ± 101.70 during day and night) for 2 weeks. The tank was supplemented by a continuous flow of raw seawater (i.e. unfiltered) at a rate of ~300 L h^-1 and mimicked conditions of the field collection site (at 28.8°C ± 0.23 and salinity of 42 ppt). The aquarium was equipped with a thermometer, temperature controller, and PAR sensor. The specimens were fed daily with freshly hatched Artemia naupilii, except during the exposure to MgCl₂ and recovery time.

During the experiment, the jellyfish were kept inside 2L glass aquaria in autoclaved seawater (121°C for 20 min) maintained at 28°C and salinity of 43 ppt. The aquaria were kept inside biological incubators (Percival Scientific, Boone, IA) set to control temperature at 28°C and light at a day: night 12:12-hr cycle of ~200 µmol photons m^-2 s^-1 (PAR).

A preliminary test was performed across a range of MgCl₂ concentrations: 0.37 M, 0.18 M, 0.09 M and 0.04 M, with the highest concentration having previously been reported to be effective in the immobilization of Aiptasia diaphana (Franchini and Steinke, 2017). These concentrations were used to narrow down the range of concentrations that provide the best results. This first test was performed without adequate replication (4 individuals), to minimize the number of specimens used. A concentration was considered effective when (a) immobilization was observed within a maximum of 20 minutes (Doerr and Stoskopf, 2019), (b) recovery was observed in maximum 10 minute from the seawater change (i.e., when autoclaved seawater with MgCl₂ was replaced with autoclaved seawater without MgCl₂), (c) jellyfish were still alive and displaying normal behavior after 24 and 48 hours. The terms “recovery” and “complete recovery” will be used from now on to indicate the start of pulsations after MgCl₂ exposure and recovery to a normal/initial bell pulsations rate, respectively. A second pilot test was then performed using MgCl₂ levels ranging from the effective concentration obtained from the first test (i.e., 0.092 M) to 0.07 M (i.e., 0.081 M and 0.07 M). Three jellyfish for each concentration were exposed to MgCl₂ and maintained in the solution for 2 and 24 hours after immobilization (i.e., no bell pulsations and unresponsive to bell-tap stimulus). Specimens were then removed and immersed in autoclaved seawater without MgCl₂. Immobilization time, recovery time after 2 hours of exposure, recovery time after 24 hours, and time of death (if applicable) were recorded through observation of the specimens. The most effective concentration obtained from these preliminary tests was used to design the main experiment presented in this study and described below.

Although higher replication would have been ideal, the chosen number of replicates (n = 3) represents a compromise due to the necessity to avoid overexploitation of the local population of Cassiopea. Additionally, previously published studies were used as a guide to decide the number of medusae considered adequate replication (e.g. n = 3 in Wangpraseurt et al., 2012; Wangpraseurt et al., 2014; Arossa et al., 2021; etc.) or did not clearly report replication (Shashar and Stambler, 1992; Al-Horani et al., 2003; Kühl et al., 1995; etc.).

Pre-Incubation Phase

Nine jellyfish were collected from the aquarium, transferred to the experimental aquaria, and allowed to acclimatize for 15 minutes. After acclimation, bell pulsations min^-1, size (cm), photochemical efficiency (Fv/Fm), dissolved oxygen (dO₂), and pH were recorded. We used these measurements as an indication of jellyfish health prior to MgCl₂ exposure (termed henceforth as the “pre-incubation” phase), as dO₂ and pH fluctuations can be driven by the responses of the holobiont (e.g., respiration, photosynthesis of the symbionts, bell pulsations, etc.; Arossa et al., 2021). Bell pulsations were used as a proxy for jellyfish behavior (sensu Nath et al., 2017) and measured by counting the number of bell contractions in two minutes, which were then averaged and presented as the number of bell pulsations min^-1 (units). Jellyfish size was measured to the nearest millimeter using a bendable measuring tape so that measurements could be made through the glass and avoid disturbances prior the start of the incubation. Photochemical efficiency (Fv/Fm) was measured on three randomly selected oral arms per jellyfish using a mini-pulse amplitude modulator (miniPAM-R, Waltz GmbH, Germany). dO₂ and pH were measured using a calibrated pH/dissolved oxygen meter (Mettler Toledo International USA, SevenGo Duo pro). The pH probe was calibrated using commercial pH standard solutions (pH 4.0, 7.0, and 10.0), whereas the dO₂ sensor was calibrated following manufacturer instructions.

Incubation Phase

Jellyfish were randomly assigned to two treatments: (1) three jellyfish were exposed to a solution of 0.092 M MgCl₂ for 2 hours and (2) three jellyfish were exposed to a solution of 0.092 M MgCl₂ for 24 hours. Three jellyfish were used as controls (i.e., in seawater without MgCl₂). Cessation of bell pulsations (i.e., time passed between the immersion in seawater with MgCl₂ and the last bell pulsation) and unresponsiveness to bell-tap stimulus (i.e., when there’s a lack of “a single strong, synchronous pulse immediately after receiving a light tap to the top of the bell with a gloved finger”; Doerr and Stoskopf, 2019) were recorded at the start of the exposure. Unresponsiveness to bell-tap stimulus was tested right after the cessation of bell pulsations until absence of responses was observed (i.e., approximately every 5 seconds). When cessation of bell pulsations and unresponsiveness to bell-tap stimulus were observed, the jellyfish was considered immobilized. At the midpoint of the incubation pH, dO₂, and photochemical efficiency (Fv/Fm) were recorded. Jellyfish were also monitored during the treatment time for potential pulsations and to assess the efficiency of the immobilization procedure using both visual observation and a camera positioned inside the incubator. This step will be called from now on “mid-incubation”

Post-Incubation Phase

At the end of the exposure time (i.e., called from now on “immediate post-incubation), jellyfish were removed and immersed in autoclaved seawater at 28.0°C without MgCl₂ to evaluate their recovery, complete recovery, survival processes, and size. This seawater change was also performed on the jellyfish assigned to the control treatment to account for effects of the handling procedures. Recovery time (i.e., time between the immersion of jellyfish in seawater without MgCl₂ and the first bell pulsation), responsiveness to bell-tap stimulus, pH, dO₂, number of bell pulsations min^-1, and photochemical efficiency (Fv/Fm) were recorded. At 24 and 48 hours from the end of the exposure, photochemical efficiency (Fv/Fm), number of bell pulsations min^-1, bell size, and mortality was recorded. These steps will be called from now on “post-incubation 24 hours” and “post-incubation 48 hours”.

Data Analysis

Data was tested for normality and homoscedasticity using Q–Q plots and standardized residual plots. Levene’s tests and Q-Q plots were performed to test for homogeneity of variance and normality, respectively. If not meeting normality assumptions, data was either ln or ln (x+1) transformed, if required. Biological responses (bell pulsations (min^-1) and photochemical efficiency Fv/Fm) were analyzed using two-way linear mixed models (LMMs) in SPSS (IBM, version 27), with a repeated measures design. Two separate LMMs were used to analyze each response variable for the 2h and 24h incubations. Treatment (with two levels: control and MgCl₂) and time (with five levels: pre-incubation, incubation, immediate post-incubation, 24h post-incubation, and 48h post-incubation) were considered as fixed factors. Time was also our repeated measure. Different covariance structures (e.g. Compound Symmetry, AR(1), and AR(1) Heterogenous) were examined to assess the model of best fit by comparing several goodness-of-fit statistics (e.g. -2 restricted log likelihood, Akaike’s information criterion (AIC) and Bayesian information criterion (BIC)). When no significant effect of one of the factors was revealed, this factor was removed, and the analysis rerun. If significant effects were detected, the Bonferroni post-hoc tests (for significant main effects) was performed to determine which means differed.

Independent t-tests were used to compare jellyfish size (% change - calculated from before/after measurements) between the control and incubation treatments in the 2h and 24h incubations.

Environmental parameters were reported as Mean ± SD, whereas all the other results were reported as Mean ± SE.

Results

Response Variables

The first pilot test showed that the most effective concentration was ~0.09 M, whereas in the second test the best results were obtained with a concentration of 0.92 M (Supplementary Materials 1). Lower concentrations didn’t induce immobilization (i.e., cessation of bell pulsations and unresponsiveness to bell-tap stimulus together) and higher concentrations induced signs of distress (e.g., unusual orientation). This concentration was subsequently chosen for the immobilization of Cassiopea jellyfish in our main experiment.

In the 2-hour incubation experiment jellyfish were completely immobilized (i.e., cessation of bell pulsations and unresponsiveness to bell-tap stimulus together) after 36.0 ± 11.0 seconds, whereas in the 24-hour incubation experiment, complete pulse cessation was observed after 68.0 ± 11.1 seconds (Table 1). Overall, immobilization was observed after ~ 52.0 ± 10.0 seconds, while unresponsiveness was reached after 71.0 ± 16.0 seconds in the jellyfish incubated for 2 hours and after 58.0 ± 27.0 seconds in the jellyfish incubated for 24 hours (Table 1). An average of ~64.0 ± 14.0 seconds was needed to obtain complete unresponsiveness. In the 2 hours incubation experiment, recovery was observed after 10.0 ± 5.0 seconds from the immersion in seawater without MgCl₂. In the 24-hour incubation experiment, recovery time was 6.0 ± 2.0 seconds. Overall, recovery required 8.0 ± 2.0 seconds (see Video in Supplementary Materials). Mortality was not observed during these experiments and all jellyfish were still alive at 48 hours post-incubation.

TABLE 1

Table 1 Summary of the main responses of Cassiopea sp.jellyfish to the MgCl₂ treatment (e.g., time to pulse cessation, time to unresponsiveness, recovery time, and survival).

Photochemical efficiency (Fv/Fm) was not affected by time or treatment (two-way LMMs, p > 0.05, Table 2) in neither the 2 hour or 24-hour incubation experiments (Figures 1A, B). Average bell pulsations min^-1 were significantly affected by the treatment in both the 2 hour (one-way LMMs, p=0.010, Table 2; Figures 1C, D) and 24-hour incubation (one-way LMMs, p=0.001, Table 2). No effect of time was observed. Figure S2 in Supplementary Materials 2 shows average bell pulsations min^-1 in treatment versus controls.

TABLE 2

Table 2 Summary of results for Linear Mixed Models (LMMs) conducted on the investigated biological responses of Cassiopea jellyfish during the exposure to Magnesium Chloride (MgCl₂) (i.e., photochemical efficiency Fv/Fm and bell pulsations min^-1).

FIGURE 1

Figure 1 Fluctuation of response variables during the exposure of Cassiopea sp. jellyfish to Magnesium Chloride (MgCl₂), including the recovery time. In figures a, c, and e the blue line represents the control, and the green line represents the treatment. In figures b, d, and f the purple line represents the control, and the mint line represents the treatment. (A) Fluctuations of average photochemical efficiency (Fv/Fm) at the start (“pre-incubation”), middle (“incubation”) and end (“immediate post-incubation”) of the 2 hours exposure to MgCl₂ and during the recovery period (i.e., “post-incubation 24 hours” and “post-incubation 48 hours” indicates the recovery period of 24 and 48 hours after the end of the exposure to MgCl₂). Bars represent standard error (± SE). (B) Fluctuations of average photochemical efficiency (Fv/Fm) at the start (“pre-incubation”), middle (“incubation”) and end (“immediate post-incubation”) of the 24-hour exposure to MgCl₂ and during recovery period (i.e., “post-incubation 24 hours” and “post-incubation 48 hours” after the end of the exposure to MgCl₂). Bars represent standard error (± SE). (C) Fluctuations of the average number of bell pulsations min^-1 at the start (“pre-incubation”), middle (“incubation”) and end (“immediate post-incubation”) of the 2-hour exposure to MgCl₂ and during the recovery period (i.e., “post-incubation 24 hours” and “post-incubation 48 hours” indicates the recovery period of 24 and 48 hours after the end of the exposure to MgCl₂). Bars represent standard error (± 1SE). (D) Fluctuations of the average number of bell pulsations min^-1 at the start (“pre-incubation”) and end (“immediate post-incubation”) of the 24-hour exposure to MgCl₂ and during the recovery period (i.e., “post-incubation 24 hours” and “post-incubation 48 hours” indicates the recovery period of 24 and 48 hours after the end of the exposure to MgCl₂). Bars represent standard error (± SE). (E) Fluctuations of the average size percent change (%) at the start (“pre-incubation”), and end (“immediate post-incubation”) of the 2-hour exposure to MgCl₂. Bars represent standard error (± 1SE). (F) Fluctuations of the average size percent change (%) at the start (“pre-incubation”), and end (“immediate post-incubation”) of the 24-hour exposure to MgCl₂. Bars represent standard error (± 1SE).

Size change (%) in treatments during the 2 hours incubations was -1.290 ± 0.722%, but did not significantly differ from that of controls (independent t-test, p = 0.185; Table 2; Figures 1E, F). On the contrary, size change (%) in treatments in the 24-hour incubation was equal to -11.179 ± 1.744% and a significant effect of the treatment was found (independent t-test, p = 0.027; Table 1 in Supplementary Materials; Figures E, F).

Environmental Parameters

pH and dO₂ fluctuated during the incubation with MgCl₂ (Figures 2 and S1 in Supplementary Materials 2). In the 2 hours incubation experiment, pH slightly increased by approximately 0.071 ± 0.008 SD in controls (from 8.166 ± 0.032 SD to 8.237 ± 0.036 SD) and 0.090 ± 0.023 SD in treatments (from 7.945 ± 0.013 SD to 8.035 ± 0.013 SD), but largely remained unchanged. In the 24-hour incubation experiment, variations of pH and dO₂ followed a day/night cycle. pH increased by 0.208 ± 0.033 SD units in controls (from 8.166 ± 0.032 SD to 8.375 ± 0.003 SD) and similarly, it increased by 0.437 ± 0.059 SD in treatments (from 7.955 ± 0.010 SD to 8.375 ± 0.003 SD). Overall, dO₂ increased over time in both treatments and controls. In the 2-hour incubation experiment, dO₂ increased by 2.030 ± 0.095 SD mg/L in controls (from 8.807 ± 0.185 SD mg/L to 10.837 ± 0.090 SD mg/L) and 2.587 ± 0.424 SD mg/L in treatments (from 9.360 ± 0.183 SD mg/L to 11.947 ± 0.511 SD mg/L). In the 24-hour incubation experiment, it increased by 7.047 ± 0.490 SD mg/L in controls (from 8.807 ± 0.185 SD mg/L to 15.853 ± 0.660 SD mg/L) and 11.050 ± 1.355 SD mg/L in treatments (from 9.620 ± 0.230 SD mg/L to 20.670 ± 1.546 SD mg/L) (Figures 1C, D, 2C and d in Supplementary Materials 2). However, during the 2-hour exposure the rise in dO₂ followed a linear trend, whereas during the 24 hour incubation dO₂ reached the lowest value mid-incubation equal to 3.353 ± 0.854 SD mg/L (4.724 ± 0.690 SD mg/L in controls and 3.354 ± 0.854 SD in treatments).

FIGURE 2

Figure 2 Environmental parameters variation during the exposure of Cassiopea jellyfish to Magnesium Chloride (MgCl₂). In figures a, and c the green line represents the control, and the blue line represents the treatment. In figures b, and d, the mint line represents the control, and the purple line represents the treatment. (A) Fluctuations of average pH levels before the start (“pre-incubation”), middle (“incubation”) and end (“immediate post-incubation”) of the 2 hours exposure to MgCl₂. Bars represent standard error (± 1SE). (B) Fluctuations of average pH levels before the start (“pre-incubation”), middle (“incubation”) and end (“immediate post-incubation”) of the 24 hours exposure to MgCl₂. Bars represent standard error (± 1SE). (C) Fluctuations of average dO₂ levels before the start (“pre-incubation”), middle (“incubation”) and end (“immediate post-incubation”) of the 2 hours exposure to MgCl₂. Bars represent standard error (± 1SE). (D) Fluctuations of average dO₂ levels before the start (“pre-incubation”), middle (“incubation”) and end (“immediate post-incubation”) of the 24 hours exposure to MgCl₂. Bars represent standard error (± 1SE).

Discussion

This study demonstrates that MgCl₂ can be used as an efficient chemical technique to immobilize Cassiopea sp. medusae (i.e., jellyfish stage). However, our results show that this procedure can significantly affect some key biological responses that may influence experimental results. The proposed effective concentration (0.092 M) was chosen because of the following observations: (1) it induces complete immobilization (i.e., cessation of bell pulsations and unresponsiveness to bell-tap stimulus together) after ~52 seconds in individuals with a diameter of ~ 8.68 cm ± 1.70 SD cm, (2) specimens are still alive after the treatment, after 24 and 48 hours. On the contrary, lower concentrations (i.e., 0.081 and 0.07 M) showed no immobilization of medusae and higher concentrations induced signs of distress (i.e., unusual behavior, such as upside-down orientation).

Numerous are the studies reporting the concentration of MgCl₂ used for anesthesia prior preservation or fixation in Cnidarians (e.g., 0.36 M for polyps of Goniopora stockesi in Hawkridge et al., 2000; 0.63 M for Rhodactis in Chen et al., 1995; etc.) and, more specifically, of jellyfish (e.g., 0.37 M for Tripedialia cystophora in Petie et al., 2013; 0.75 M for the hydromedusa Aglantha digitale in Bickell-Page and Mackie, 1991). A concentration of 1.74 M was reported to cause effective euthanasia within ~32 seconds in the jellyfish Aurelia aurita (Doerr and Stoskopf, 2019). However, the actual immobilization (i.e., the cessation of bell pulsations and unresponsiveness to bell-tap) and recovery time of jellyfish was never reported.

This method has, however, some limitations as some biological responses, such as bell pulsations and bell size, can be affected by this procedure. We observed that bell pulsations were significantly affected by the MgCl₂ treatment both after 2 and 24 hours when comparing the values measured in the “pre-incubation” and “immediate post-incubation” phases. Bell size was affected by the treatment, especially in the 24-hour incubation. This change, however, was not significantly different between controls and treatments, in the 2-hour incubation. Indeed, symbionts in Cassiopea are capable to provide up to 169% of carbon to support the respiration of the host (Verde and McCloskey, 1998). Whereas under longer immobilization time, the significant reduction of size observed in the treatments might be due to two factors: (1) no food was provided during the experiment, and (2) the lack of pulsation might have reduced the flux of seawater and compounds needed to support the symbiont’s photosynthetic activity.

Even though the main effect of MgCl₂ as an immobilization chemical is the cessation of bell pulsations, this is unlikely to have caused major side effects to Cassiopea for this limited time. Although this is necessary to support a continuous flux of seawater in Cassiopea’s body and to allow heterotrophic feeding (Hamlet et al., 2011), Cassiopea commonly undergoes sleep-like behavior during nighttime (Nath et al., 2017) involving a reduction of bell pulsations. Hence, this is a naturally occurring status that doesn’t cause any harm to the holobiont.

Additionally, a recent study has demonstrated that magnesium, being an important component of the osmosis balancing and of the catecholamine interference systems (Fawcett et al., 1999), may lead to unexpected deleterious side-effects (Evans et al., 2021), especially if used for long time (~28 days). However, even though the effective concentration used in our study is significantly higher than those used by Evans and colleagues (2021) when reporting these effects, which ranged from 0.003 to 0.01 M, it might not lead to such deleterious effects if used for short-term experiments. Therefore, we suggest reporting limitations related to the use of MgCl₂ in the study, avoiding the reuse of the specimens for further analyses, and to limit the use to short-term experiments only.

sp.During our experiment, significant fluctuations of pH and dO₂ occurred. Addition of MgCl₂ to seawater did not affect pH nor dO₂, therefore the observed variations in environmental parameters were specifically driven by the metabolic activity of the specimens. We observed that these variations were more intense during the 24-hour incubation. This incubation included light-dark shifts (12h:12h), whereas the 2-hour incubation was performed in light only. As a consequence, we hypothesized that the fluctuations were driven by metabolic processes in the holobiont (i.e., photosynthesis during the day performed by the symbionts and respiration during the night performed by both symbionts and jellyfish; Arossa et al., 2021) despite being immobilized. Therefore, this variability followed a day/night cycle. This is particularly important and needs to be taken into account when conducting experiments with MgCl₂ in closed-systems or preparing the specimens for microsensor measurements.

Conclusions

MgCl₂ is commonly used for relaxation, anesthesia, and euthanasia of cnidarian species for many research purposes, including microsensor measurements and confocal microscopy. However, this chemical may have effects on the specimens, thus influencing scientists’ findings. Therefore, we suggest a specific concentration of MgCl₂ (0.092 M) that can be used to quickly immobilize Cassiopea sp.jellyfish for short-term experiments or analyses. The use of this proposed concentration of MgCl₂ would allow researchers to: (1) conduct experiments that require immobilization of individuals at jellyfish stage without causing their death, (2) use specimens for experimental techniques requiring immobilization (e.g., NMR spectroscopy; Doerr and Stoskopf, 2019), (3) obtain photos in confocal microscopy without limitations due to bell pulsations, and (4) avoid any damage to instruments analyzing the internal environment of the jellyfish or effects of motion on their measurements (e.g., fiberoptic microsensors). Also, studies have reported that the immobilization of cnidarians may reduce the mucus production, making easier their observation (Passano, 1965). However, the limitations related to the use of this chemical should be reported and further studies are needed to confirm the absence of physiological concerns which could affect the outcomes of the studies.

Data Availability Statement

The original contributions presented in the study are included in the article/Supplementary Material. Further inquiries can be directed to the corresponding author.

Author Contributions

CD and MA conceived the idea. SA and SK designed the experiments. SA wrote the first draft of the manuscript and prepared the display figures, tables and Supplementary Materials. SA and AP performed the pilot tests, and SA conducted the experiments. SK performed the statistical analyses. All the authors contributed to and approved the final version of the manuscript.

Funding

Financial support for this research was provided by the King Abdullah University of Science and Technology and the Tarek Ahmed Juffali Research Chair on Red Sea Ecology including the baseline research funds of CD.

Conflict of Interest

The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.

Publisher’s Note

All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article, or claim that may be made by its manufacturer, is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher.

Acknowledgments

We thank the team of KAUST Coastal and Marine Resources Core Labs (CMOR) for their support and assistance.

Supplementary Material

The Supplementary Material for this article can be found online at: https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fmars.2022.870832/full#supplementary-material

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