Diagnostic value of dual-tracer PET/CT with [¹⁸F]FDG and PSMA ligands in prostate cancer: an updated systematic review

Abstract

Background:

Prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA) ligand PET/CT has significantly improved prostate cancer (PCa) imaging. However, in patients with poorly differentiated PCa or neuroendocrine transdifferentiation, [¹⁸F]fluorodeoxyglucose ([¹⁸F]FDG) PET/CT may provide additional diagnostic information. This systematic review evaluates the diagnostic value of combining [¹⁸F]FDG PET/CT with PSMA ligand PET/CT in PCa patients.

Methods:

A systematic literature search of studies assessing the added diagnostic value of dual-tracer [¹⁸F]FDG and PSMA ligands PET/CT in PCa patients was conducted using PubMed/MEDLINE and Cochrane Library databases and available information was summarized.

Results:

Fourteen studies (n = 901 patients) met the inclusion criteria. The dual-tracer approach identified [¹⁸F]FDG-positive/PSMA-negative (FDG+/PSMA−) lesions in a subset of patients, particularly those with Gleason Score (GS) ≥ 9. However, in patients with GS < 8, [¹⁸F]FDG PET/CT did not significantly improve lesion detection over PSMA ligand PET/CT alone.

The presence of FDG+/PSMA− lesions correlated with aggressive tumor biology, increased risk of metastases, and worse prognosis.

Conclusion:

Literature data showed that [¹⁸F]FDG PET/CT may serve as a valuable complementary imaging modality for high risk PCa patients potentially influencing staging and treatment decisions. Future prospective studies are warranted to further elucidate the prognostic significance and cost-effectiveness of combining [¹⁸F]FDG PET/CT with PSMA ligand PET/CT in PCa patients.

1 Introduction

Prostate cancer (PCa) represents the third most frequently diagnosed malignancy worldwide (1, 2). This high prevalence highlights the importance of improving diagnostic and therapeutic approaches to manage the disease effectively.

Metastatic PCa is initially hormone-sensitive; however, over time, it can acquire resistance to therapy, leading to the development of metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC) (3).

This progression represents a significant clinical challenge, making it crucial to accurately identify the locations and extent of the disease to guide appropriate therapeutic strategies.

Since their introduction, prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA) ligand positron emission tomography/computed tomography (PET/CT) has markedly enhanced imaging sensitivity in PCa (4–6).

Although PSMA ligand PET/CT is generally considered superior to fluorine-18 fluorodeoxyglucose ([¹⁸F]FDG) PET/CT for detecting PCa lesions (7, 8), evidence from some studies suggests that [¹⁸F]FDG PET/CT may have utility or even demonstrates higher diagnostic sensitivity in patients with poorly differentiated adenocarcinoma or neuroendocrine differentiation compared to those with well-differentiated adenocarcinoma (9–11).

This review aims to summarize the existing evidence on the use of dual-tracer PET, combining [¹⁸F]FDG PET/CT and PSMA ligand PET/CT, for staging PCa at initial diagnosis and in a recurrence/progression setting.

2 Materials and methods

2.1 Protocol

The present systematic review was conducted following a predefined protocol (12), and the “Preferred Reporting Items for a Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis” (PRISMA 2020 statement) was used as a benchmark in its production (13).

The protocol for this systematic review was not pre-registered (as permitted by item 24 of the PRISMA checklist).

The first step in this systematic review was to define the research question using the PICO framework (Population, Intervention, Comparator, Outcomes). The focus was on patients diagnosed with PCa (Population) who underwent PSMA ligand PET/CT imaging (Intervention), with the addition of [¹⁸F]FDG PET/CT (Comparator). The main outcomes assessed were the potential changes in diagnostic accuracy, staging, and management of PCa when [¹⁸F]FDG PET/CT is included alongside PSMA ligand PET/CT imaging. Two independent reviewers (G.T. and C.M.I.) conducted the literature search, study selection, and quality assessment. Any discrepancies between reviewers were resolved through a consensus meeting with a third reviewer (A.R.).

2.2 Literature search strategy, information sources, and eligibility criteria

After formulating the review question, two independent reviewers (G.T. and C.M.I.) conducted a systematic search of PubMed/MEDLINE and the Cochrane Library to identify studies evaluating the diagnostic value of dual-tracer [¹⁸F]FDG and PSMA ligand PET/CT imaging in PCa. The search strategy incorporated terms such as “PSMA” and “FDG”, tailored to the context of dual-tracer imaging approaches. Boolean operators (AND, OR) were employed to refine the search and ensure relevant studies were included. No restrictions were applied regarding the publication year. Additionally, the reference lists of all included studies were screened for potentially relevant articles. The search was last updated on October 8, 2024.

Reviews, letters, comments, editorials and case reports were excluded from the systematic review to ensure methodological rigor. Only studies published in English were considered eligible for inclusion in the review. We aimed to summarize the available evidence for dual-tracer PET with [¹⁸F]FDG and PSMA ligands for PCa staging and restaging. Studies using dual-tracer PET for the purpose of radioligand therapy were excluded because they were outside the scope of this systematic review.

2.3 Study selection process and data collection

The titles and abstracts of all retrieved articles were independently screened by two reviewers (G.T. and C.M.I.) to assess eligibility based on predefined inclusion and exclusion criteria. Discrepancies were resolved through discussion. Relevant studies were selected systematically, and data extraction was performed using a standardized form to ensure consistency and accuracy. Information was collected from full texts, tables, figures, and supplementary materials.

For each included study, the extracted data encompassed: general study details (authors, publication year, country, study design, and funding sources); patient characteristics (sample size, enrollment date, age, clinical setting, Gleason score [GS], prostate-specific antigen [PSA] level and PSA doubling-time and previous treatment); key characteristics of the index test (type of PET tracers, two-scan interval, administered activity of each radiopharmaceutical, uptake times, scan time per bed, image analysis, image evaluators and other PET tracers, when reported); and outcomes of the included studies (validation of PET findings, detection rate of [¹⁸F]FDG PET/CT compared to PSMA ligand PET/CT, correlation of [¹⁸F]FDG PET/CT findings with GS and PSA levels, additional diagnostic value by using [¹⁸F]FDG PET/CT and main findings).

2.4 Quality assessment (risk of bias assessment)

The National Institutes of Health (NIH) quality assessment tool was used to evaluate the quality of the included studies and the risk of bias. Two reviewers independently evaluated the methodological quality of the studies (G.T. and A.R.). Reviewer disagreements regarding the quality assessment were resolved through a consensus meeting.

3 Results

3.1 Literature search and study selection

The literature search resulted in the identification of 382 records, which were assessed for eligibility according to the criteria described in the Materials and methods section. Based on predefined inclusion and exclusion criteria, 332 records were excluded because they were either unrelated to the field of interest or classified as case reports/case series or reviews/editorials/letters, even if relevant to the field. Of the remaining 50 studies, 36 were excluded after an in-depth evaluation of the full text, leaving 14 studies deemed eligible for inclusion in this systematic review. The selection process is summarized in Figure 1.

FIGURE 1

Research question: What is the diagnostic value of adding [¹⁸F]FDG PET/CT to PSMA ligand PET/CT in the diagnostic pathway of patients with prostate cancer.

Research string: ((FDG) OR (fluorodeoxyglucose)) AND ((PSMA) OR (prostate specific membrane antigen)) AND (prostat*).

Database screened: PubMed/MEDLINE and the Cochrane Library.

3.2 Study characteristics

The 14 studies selected based on predefined inclusion and exclusion criteria comprise a total of 901 prostate cancer patients who underwent both PSMA ligand and [¹⁸F]FDG PET/CT imaging. Their characteristics are analyzed in detail in Tables 1–3. The studies were published between 2020 and 2024 across various countries [China (9/14), Canada (1/14), Finland (1/14), Germany (1/14), South Korea (1/14), and the USA (1/14)]. Regarding study design, 13 out of 14 were single-center studies, while one was multicenter (14). Furthermore, seven studies were prospective, and the remaining seven were retrospective. All studies provide information on funding within the text.

The number of patients per study ranges from a minimum of 10 to a maximum of 145, as shown in Table 2. Patients were enrolled in the studies between June 2017 and November 2021, aged 50 to 86 years. At the time of diagnostic imaging, patients were in the following clinical settings: primary PCa staging (3/14), mCRPC (4/14), biochemical recurrence (BCR) (3/14), primary staging + BCR (1/14), hormone-sensitive prostate cancer (HSPC) + CRPC (1/14), early PSA progression on androgen-deprivation therapy (ADT) (1/14), and PCa (1/14). In 13 out of 14 publications, information on Gleason score (GS), PSA levels, and prior treatments is provided, as detailed in Table 2.

As shown in the index test key characteristics in Table 3, in addition to [¹⁸F]FDG used in all studies, the PSMA ligands employed were [⁶⁸Ga]Ga-PSMA-11 in 7/14 studies, [¹⁸F]F-PSMA-1007 in 3/14, [¹⁸F]DCFPyL in 1/14, [⁶⁸Ga]Ga-PSMA-617 in 1/14, [⁶⁸Ga]Ga-PSMA-11 + [¹⁸F]F-PSMA-1007 in 1/14, and [⁶⁸Ga]Ga-PSMA in 1/14. The interval between the two acquisitions, PET/CT with [¹⁸F]FDG and PSMA ligand, was reported in 13 of the 14 studies, ranging from 1 to 48 days. The administered activity for each tracer was detailed in 12 of the 14 studies. Comprehensive data, including the time between radiotracer administration and acquisition, as well as additional acquisition and image analysis parameters, are presented in Table 3. Notably, 4 out of 14 studies also employed a third radiotracer in addition to [¹⁸F]FDG and PSMA ligand. However, the results of these additional tracers were excluded from this review as they fall outside the scope of its focus.

3.3 Risk of bias and applicability

According to the NIH quality assessment tool, none of the included studies had critical low quality.

3.4 Results of individual studies

3.4.1 Lesions identified exclusively with [¹⁸F]FDG (FDG+/PSMA−)

A comprehensive analysis of the studies under review and data extraction from each revealed that, in most studies, certain lesions were positive only on [¹⁸F]FDG PET/CT and negative on PSMA ligand PET/CT. Further details regarding the added diagnostic value of [¹⁸F]FDG PET/CT in patients with prostate cancer are presented in Table 2.

3.4.2 Correlation between GS, PSA levels, and [¹⁸F]FDG PET/CT positivity

An evaluation of the included studies demonstrated a significant correlation between GS, PSA levels, and [¹⁸F]FDG PET/CT-positive lesions in patients with PCa across different disease stages. Specifically, this association was evident for GS ≥ 9 according to Xu et al. (17), for GS ≥ 8 according to the first study by Chen et al. (26), and for GS ≥ 8 and PSA ≥ 7.9 ng/mL in the second study by Chen et al. (21). The clinical characteristics of patients in different studies and additional reports supporting this correlation are detailed in Tables 2, 4.

3.4.3 Prognostic significance

The prognostic role of integrating [¹⁸F]FDG PET/CT into the diagnostic pathway for patients with PCa was thoroughly evaluated by Kim et al. (18), who concluded that the addition of [¹⁸F]FDG PET/CT to PSMA ligand PET/CT can help identify tumors with aggressive biological behavior.

4 Discussion

PSMA-ligand PET/CT is widely used for staging and biochemical recurrence of PCa. However, PCa may appear negative on PSMA-ligand PET/CT (28, 29), and, as observed in the studies analyzed in this review, low PSMA expression could be associated with [¹⁸F]FDG positivity.

An analysis of the available data confirms that FDG+/PSMA− lesions are not uncommon in PCa and can be observed in a significant proportion of patients in different settings (14, 20, 21). Additionally, a subgroup of mCRPCa patients, accounting for 6% in the study by Pouliot et al., exhibited exclusively FDG+/PSMA− disease (i.e., absence of PSMA + disease), with a similar prevalence to the 10% reported in the TheraP trial (30).

For these patients, [¹⁸F]FDG PET/CT could serve as a useful complementary diagnostic tool at various stages of prostate cancer management, given that, until now, [¹⁸F]FDG positivity has primarily been considered at a late stage of the disease as a selection criterion before radioligand therapy or as a poor prognostic factor following such treatments (31).

However, the utility of [¹⁸F]FDG PET/CT may extend to the staging phase, as demonstrated in the study by Kim et al., which also evaluated its prognostic impact (18). The collected data indicated that PCa exhibiting [¹⁸F]FDG uptake were significantly larger, associated with ductal-dominant histology, and characterized by higher GS and initial PSA levels compared to those [¹⁸F]FDG negative (18). Similarly, Chen et al. found that patients with FDG+/PSMA− lesions had higher GS and PSA levels than those without such lesions (21).

Of particular relevance is the observation that patients with [¹⁸F]FDG-avid tumors had a higher incidence of lymph node and/or distant metastases at initial staging, as well as an increased biochemical recurrence rate postoperatively, compared to those with non-[¹⁸F]FDG-avid tumors (18).

Using a dual-tracer approach could enable more accurate diagnostic assessment in a specific subgroup of patients. Furthermore, these data suggest that identifying this patient subgroup could have significant prognostic implications. However, as reported in the study by Chen et al. (21), only 23.2% of the analyzed patients had at least one FDG+/PSMA− lesion, underscoring the need for careful patient selection for [¹⁸F]FDG PET/CT. The objective is to optimize its use, reserving it for cases where it provides a clear diagnostic benefit, particularly in high-risk PCa patients.

An analysis of the studies suggests that the GS may serve as a valuable criterion for predicting the presence of FDG+/PSMA− lesions. A recurring finding across the reviewed studies was that patients with a high GS were more likely to present FDG+/PSMA− lesions than those with a lower score. Specifically, Xu et al. highlighted this correlation for a GS ≥ 9 (17), while both studies by Chen et al. found an association starting from a GS of 8 (21, 26).

Previous studies have also confirmed the diagnostic value of [¹⁸F]FDG PET/CT in patients with PCa and high GS (9, 32). In line with this evidence, our analysis suggests that the GS is a key predictor for identifying patients with FDG+/PSMA− lesions. Supporting this finding, Chen et al. demonstrated that the probability of detecting FDG+/PSMA− lesions was 0% in patients with a GS < 8, while it reached 61.5% in those with a GS ≥ 8. Adding [¹⁸F]FDG PET/CT in the low-score group did not improve the detection rate compared to PSMA-ligand PET/CT alone. Conversely, in patients with high GS, integrating [¹⁸F]FDG PET/CT increased the detection rates of local recurrence, lymph node metastases, and distant metastases from 0 to 7.7%, 30.8 to 61.5%, and 53.8 to 61.5%, respectively, compared to PSMA-ligand PET/CT alone (21). These findings suggest that [¹⁸F]FDG PET/CT may not be indicated in patients with a low probability of FDG+/PSMA− lesions but could be more beneficial in those with a high likelihood of such lesions.

While the correlation between a GS ≥ 9 and the presence of FDG+/PSMA− lesions appears well established (17), the association with a GS of 8 requires further investigation. Moreover, the implications of these findings will help in selecting patients for radionuclide therapy, as a prerequisite for this is that PCa lesions are PSMA + (33).

Although studies with therapeutic intent were excluded from the present systematic review, several pivotal clinical trials that employed dual-tracer PET imaging for patient selection in [¹⁷⁷Lu]Lu—PSMA radioligand therapy deserve detailed discussion. In the TheraP trial, involving patients with mCRPC who had previously received docetaxel, [¹⁸F]FDG PET/CT was systematically used during screening to identify and exclude individuals with discordant disease, and approximately 18% of screened patients were excluded due to this finding (30). Similarly, the ENZA-p trial, which randomized patients with treatment-naïve mCRPC to enzalutamide ± [¹⁷⁷Lu]Lu-PSMA-617, incorporated [¹⁸F]FDG PET/CT at baseline to refine patient selection. While the exclusion criteria in this study were less stringent than in TheraP, the use of [¹⁸F]FDG PET/CT remained a central component in identifying those with low or heterogeneous PSMA expression, who may be less likely to benefit from PSMA-targeted therapy (34). Moreover, the UpFrontPSMA trial extended this approach into an earlier disease setting, evaluating [¹⁷⁷Lu]Lu-PSMA-617 followed by docetaxel versus docetaxel alone in patients with de novo high-volume metastatic hormone-sensitive prostate cancer (35). [¹⁸F]FDG PET/CT was used at baseline to exclude patients with extensive FDG+/PSMA− disease, highlighting its growing role in the late-stage setting and in therapeutic stratification during initial management. These studies underscore a paradigm shift whereby [¹⁸F]FDG PET/CT is no longer viewed solely as a diagnostic adjunct but increasingly as a biological stratification tool. However, as confirmed by our systematic review, identifying patients with FDG+/PSMA− mismatch disease remains a substantial unmet clinical need, and more studies are needed to establish predictive factors for this condition. While guidelines and expert consensus frequently recommend [¹⁸F]FDG PET/CT “only in selected cases”, precise criteria, whether clinical, biochemical, or imaging-based, are largely undefined. Recent efforts have been made to address this gap. For example, Pan et al. developed a prediction nomogram based on clinical and imaging features (including SUVmax, PSA levels, bone metastases, prior docetaxel treatment, and alkaline phosphatase), achieving an AUC of 0.83 for the model and demonstrating its potential to guide the use of [¹⁸F]FDG PET/CT more selectively in mCRPC (36). Furthermore, a study by Telli et al. has shown that the [¹⁸F]FDG-derived tumor burden is an independent prognostic factor for overall survival, even among patients eligible for PSMA-based radioligand therapy, regardless of treatment received. This finding highlights the prognostic value of [¹⁸F]FDG PET/CT beyond simple eligibility determination and supports its role in treatment planning (37). Notably, predictive factors for FDG+/PSMA− disease may vary depending on the phase of PCa’s natural history. GS (particularly ≥ 8) appears to be a significant predictor in the primary staging setting. In contrast, in advanced mCRPC, disease biologic behavior may be influenced by prior systemic therapies and treatment-induced neuroendocrine differentiation, potentially diminishing the relevance of the original histological grading.

However, it is noteworthy that studies employing dual-tracer PET imaging for the purpose of selecting patients for [¹⁷⁷Lu]-PSMA radioligand therapy were excluded from this systematic review. These studies were not considered eligible (as stated in the methods section) as the primary aim of our review was to explore the diagnostic potential of [¹⁸F]FDG PET/CT in PCa patients across different clinical settings, regardless of pre-therapeutic stratification. Therefore, in order to maintain methodological consistency and ensure alignment with the objectives of this review, such studies were excluded from the analysis.

Finally, it should be underlined that our systematic review has several limitations. The most important are the limited number of available studies on the topic of interest and the significant heterogeneity of the clinical characteristics of patients enrolled (including different PCa settings) and methodological aspects of eligible studies. Due to this heterogeneity a meta-analysis is not appropriate (12). Another consideration emerging from the literature is the non-negligible incidence of false-positive bone findings on PSMA-ligand PET/CT scans. The occurrence of unspecific bone uptakes varies considerably depending on the PSMA tracer used, with [¹⁸F]PSMA-1007 being associated with the highest prevalence (38). Consequently, the actual number of PSMA-positive bone lesions that truly represent metastatic deposits may be overestimated, particularly in the studies employing [¹⁸F]PSMA-1007 (15, 18, 19, 25).

Notably, we have not considered the specific diagnostic accuracy values of [¹⁸F]FDG PET/CT and PSMA—ligand PET/CT scans in PCa. The current evidences already showed that PSMA—ligand PET/CT had higher diagnostic accuracy in detecting PCa lesions compared with [¹⁸F]FDG PET/CT both in terms of sensitivity and specificity (39). Results from a previous meta-analysis already showed that the pooled sensitivities of PSMA—ligand PET/CT ranged from 91 to 92% compared to 75% for [¹⁸F]FDG PET/CT; the pooled specificity ranged from 73 to 88% for PSMA—ligand PET/CT compared to 64% for [¹⁸F]FDG PET/CT (39).

As dosimetric aspects are relevant for nuclear medicine imaging and therapy of PCa (40), we would like to underline that performing dual-tracer PET/CT will increase the radiation exposure for the patients. Future studies should better clarify the advantages of performing dual-tracer PET/CT compared to the potential risks related to an increased radiation exposure. Several methods could be used to reduce the radiation exposure related to the PET and CT component of hybrid imaging (41, 42).

Even taking into account these limitations, we believe that our evidence-based manuscript has provided significant information about dual-tracer PET/CT in PCa. In particular, compared to a previous systematic review on the same topic (43), we have included more studies excluding case reports (affected by significant biases) providing an update of the literature through a systematic summary and suggesting further studies to solve the current knowledge gaps. As practical application, we can suggest the use of dual-tracer PET/CT in selected cases of PCa, in particular in aggressive variants, but this approach should be confirmed by further well-designed studies.

5 Conclusion

In conclusion, our systematic review demonstrated that dual-tracer PET/CT approach improved PCa lesion detection due to [¹⁸F]FDG-positive/PSMA-negative (FDG+/PSMA−) lesions in a subset of PCa patients, particularly those with GS ≥ 9. However, in patients with GS < 8, [¹⁸F]FDG PET/CT did not significantly improve lesion detection over PSMA ligand PET/CT alone. The presence of FDG+/PSMA− lesions correlated with aggressive tumor biology, increased risk of metastases, and worse prognosis.

Available literature data suggest that adding [¹⁸F]FDG PET/CT to PSMA-ligand PET/CT may have a role in PCa in selected patients, particularly those with aggressive variants of PCa. Although the potential added value of dual-tracer PET/CT for PCa lesion detection in this specific patient group has been established, the prognostic impact and cost-effectiveness of dual-tracer PET/CT in PCa remain to be determined through further studies.

References

• 1.

  SungHFerlayJSiegelRLaversanneMSoerjomataramIJemalAet alGlobal cancer statistics 2020: GLOBOCAN estimates of incidence and mortality worldwide for 36 cancers in 185 countries.CA Cancer J Clin. (2021) 71:209–49. 10.3322/caac.21660

  • Pubmed Abstract
  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 2.

  AllemaniCMatsudaTDi CarloVHarewoodRMatzMNikšićMet alGlobal surveillance of trends in cancer survival 2000-14 (CONCORD-3): Analysis of individual records for 37 513 025 patients diagnosed with one of 18 cancers from 322 population-based registries in 71 countries.Lancet. (2018) 391:1023–75. 10.1016/S0140-6736(17)33326-3

  • Pubmed Abstract
  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 3.

  RyanCSmithMFizaziKSaadFMuldersPSternbergCet alAbiraterone acetate plus prednisone versus placebo plus prednisone in chemotherapy-naive men with metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (COU-AA-302): Final overall survival analysis of a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled phase 3 study.Lancet Oncol. (2015) 16:152–60. 10.1016/S1470-2045(14)71205-7

  • Pubmed Abstract
  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 4.

  Oprea-LagerDMacLennanSBjartellABrigantiABurgerIde JongIet alEuropean association of nuclear medicine focus 5: Consensus on molecular imaging and theranostics in prostate cancer.Eur Urol. (2024) 85:49–60. 10.1016/j.eururo.2023.09.003

  • Pubmed Abstract
  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 5.

  PereraMPapaNRobertsMWilliamsMUdovicichCVelaIet alGallium-68 prostate-specific membrane antigen positron emission tomography in advanced prostate cancer-updated diagnostic utility, sensitivity, specificity, and distribution of prostate-specific membrane antigen-avid lesions: A systematic review and meta-analysis.Eur Urol. (2020) 77:403–17. 10.1016/j.eururo.2019.01.049

  • Pubmed Abstract
  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 6.

  AnnunziataSPizzutoDTregliaG. Diagnostic performance of PET imaging using different radiopharmaceuticals in prostate cancer according to published meta-analyses.Cancers (Basel). (2020) 12:2153. 10.3390/cancers12082153

  • Pubmed Abstract
  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 7.

  CrocerossaFMarchioniMNovaraGCarbonaraUFerroMRussoGet alDetection rate of prostate specific membrane antigen tracers for positron emission tomography/computerized tomography in prostate cancer biochemical recurrence: A systematic review and network meta-analysis.J Urol. (2021) 205:356–69. 10.1097/JU.0000000000001369

  • Pubmed Abstract
  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 8.

  FendlerWCalaisJEiberMFlavellRMishoeAFengFet alAssessment of 68Ga-PSMA-11 PET accuracy in localising recurrent prostate cancer: A prospective single-arm clinical trial.JAMA Oncol. (2019) 5:856–63. 10.1001/jamaoncol.2019.0096

  • Pubmed Abstract
  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 9.

  JadvarH. Imaging evaluation of prostate cancer with 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose PET/CT: Utility and limitations.Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging. (2013) 40:S5–10. 10.1007/s00259-013-2361-7

  • Pubmed Abstract
  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 10.

  RichterJRodríguezMRiojaJPeñuelasIMartí-ClimentJGarrastachuPet alDual tracer 11C-choline and FDG-PET in the diagnosis of biochemical prostate cancer relapse after radical treatment.Mol Imaging Biol. (2010) 12:210–7. 10.1007/s11307-009-0243-y

  • Pubmed Abstract
  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 11.

  DondiFAntonelliASuardiNGueriniAAlbanoDLucchiniSet al/CT and conventional imaging for the assessment of neuroendocrine prostate cancer: A systematic review.Cancers (Basel). (2023) 15:4404. 10.3390/cancers15174404

  • Pubmed Abstract
  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 12.

  SadeghiRTregliaG. Systematic reviews and meta-analyses of diagnostic studies: A practical guideline.Clin. Transl. Imaging. (2017) 5:83–7. 10.1007/s40336-016-0219-2

  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 13.

  PageMMcKenzieJBossuytPBoutronIHoffmannTMulrowCet alThe PRISMA 2020 statement: An updated guideline for reporting systematic reviews.BMJ. (2021) 372:n71. 10.1136/bmj.n71

  • Pubmed Abstract
  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 14.

  PouliotFSaadFRousseauERichardPZamanianAProbstSet alIntrapatient intermetastatic heterogeneity determined by triple-tracer PET imaging in mCRPC patients and correlation to survival: The 3TMPO cohort study.J Nucl Med. (2024) 65:1710–7. 10.2967/jnumed.124.268020

  • Pubmed Abstract
  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 15.

  PabstKMeiRLückerathKHadaschikBKeschCRawitzerJet alDetection of tumour heterogeneity in patients with advanced, metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer on [68Ga]Ga-/[18F]F-PSMA-11/-1007, [68Ga]Ga-FAPI-46 and 2-[18F]FDG PET/CT: A pilot study.Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging. (2024) 52:342–53. 10.1007/s00259-024-06891-8

  • Pubmed Abstract
  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 16.

  PanJWuJWangBZhuBLiuXGanHet alInterlesional response heterogeneity is associated with the prognosis of abiraterone treatment in metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer.Med. (2024) 5:1475–84.e3. 10.1016/j.medj.2024.07.020

  • Pubmed Abstract
  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 17.

  XuLChenRYuXLiuJWangY. 18F-FDG PET is not inferior to 68Ga-PSMA PET for detecting biochemical recurrent prostate cancer with a high gleason score: A head-to-head comparison study.Diagnostics (Basel). (2023) 14:7. 10.3390/diagnostics14010007

  • Pubmed Abstract
  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 18.

  KimJLeeSKimDKimHOhKKimSet alCombination of [18F]FDG and [18F]PSMA-1007 PET/CT predicts tumour aggressiveness at staging and biochemical failure postoperatively in patients with prostate cancer.Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging. (2024) 51:1763–72. 10.1007/s00259-023-06585-7

  • Pubmed Abstract
  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 19.

  MalaspinaSEttalaOTolvanenTRajanderJEskolaOBoströmPet alFlare on [18F]PSMA-1007 PET/CT after short-term androgen deprivation therapy and its correlation to FDG uptake: Possible marker of tumor aggressiveness in treatment-naïve metastatic prostate cancer patients.Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging. (2023) 50:613–21. 10.1007/s00259-022-05970-y

  • Pubmed Abstract
  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 20.

  PanJWeiYZhangTLiuCHuXZhaoJet alStereotactic radiotherapy for lesions detected via 68Ga-prostate-specific membrane antigen and 18F-fluorodexyglucose positron emission tomography/computed tomography in patients with non-metastatic prostate cancer with early prostate-specific antigen progression on androgen deprivation therapy: A prospective single-center study.Eur Urol Oncol. (2022) 5:420–7. 10.1016/j.euo.2022.02.002

  • Pubmed Abstract
  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 21.

  ChenRWangYZhuYShiYXuLHuangGet alThe added value of 18F-FDG PET/CT compared with 68Ga-PSMA PET/CT in patients with castration-resistant prostate cancer.J Nucl Med. (2022) 63:69–75. 10.2967/jnumed.120.262250

  • Pubmed Abstract
  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 22.

  FourquetARosenbergAMenaEShihJTurkbeyBBlainMet alA Comparison of 18F-DCFPyL, 18F-NaF, and 18F-FDG PET/CT in a prospective cohort of men with metastatic prostate cancer.J Nucl Med. (2022) 63:735–41. 10.2967/jnumed.121.262371

  • Pubmed Abstract
  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 23.

  ShiYWuJXuLZhuYWangYHuangGet alThe heterogeneous metabolic patterns of ganglia in 68Ga-PSMA, 11C-choline, and 18F-FDG PET/CT in prostate cancer patients.Front Oncol. (2021) 11:666308. 10.3389/fonc.2021.666308

  • Pubmed Abstract
  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 24.

  ShiYXuLZhuYWangYChenRLiuJ. Use of 68Ga-PSMA-11 and 18F-FDG PET-CT dual-tracer to differentiate between lymph node metastases and ganglia.Front Oncol. (2021) 11:646110. 10.3389/fonc.2021.646110

  • Pubmed Abstract
  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 25.

  ZhouXLiYJiangXWangXChenSShenTet alIntra-individual comparison of 18F-PSMA-1007 and 18F-FDG PET/CT in the evaluation of patients with prostate cancer.Front Oncol. (2021) 10:585213. 10.3389/fonc.2020.585213

  • Pubmed Abstract
  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 26.

  ChenRWangYShiYZhuYXuLHuangGet alDiagnostic value of 18F-FDG PET/CT in patients with biochemical recurrent prostate cancer and negative 68Ga-PSMA PET/CT.Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging. (2021) 48:2970–7. 10.1007/s00259-021-05221-6

  • Pubmed Abstract
  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 27.

  WangBLiuCWeiYMengJZhangYGanHet alA prospective trial of 68Ga-PSMA and 18F-FDG PET/CT in non-metastatic prostate cancer patients with an early PSA progression during castration.Clin Cancer Res. (2020) 26:4551–8. 10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-20-0587

  • Pubmed Abstract
  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 28.

  WeberMKurekCBarbatoFEiberMMaurerTNaderMet alPSMA-ligand PET for early castration-resistant prostate cancer: A retrospective single-center study.J Nucl Med. (2021) 62:88–91. 10.2967/jnumed.120.245456

  • Pubmed Abstract
  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 29.

  WeberMHadaschikBFerdinandusJRahbarKBögemannMHerrmannKet alProstate-specific membrane antigen-based imaging of castration-resistant prostate cancer.Eur Urol Focus. (2021) 7:279–87. 10.1016/j.euf.2021.01.002

  • Pubmed Abstract
  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 30.

  HofmanMEmmettLSandhuSIravaniAJoshuaAGohJet al[177Lu]Lu-PSMA-617 versus cabazitaxel in patients with metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (TheraP): A randomised, open-label, phase 2 trial.Lancet. (2021) 397:797–804. 10.1016/S0140-6736(21)00237-3

  • Pubmed Abstract
  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 31.

  MichalskiKRufJGoetzCSeitzABuckALapaCet alPrognostic implications of dual tracer PET/CT: PSMA ligand and [18F]FDG PET/CT in patients undergoing [177Lu]PSMA radioligand therapy.Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging. (2021) 48:2024–30. 10.1007/s00259-020-05160-8

  • Pubmed Abstract
  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 32.

  ÖztürkHKarapolatI. 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose PET/CT for detection of disease in patients with prostate-specific antigen relapse following radical treatment of a local-stage prostate cancer.Oncol Lett. (2016) 11:316–22. 10.3892/ol.2015.3903

  • Pubmed Abstract
  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 33.

  AlmeidaLEtchebehereEGarcía MegíasICalapaquí TeránAHadaschikBCollettiPet alRadioligand Therapy in Prostate Cancer: Where Are We and Where Are We Heading?Clin Nucl Med. (2024) 49:45–55. 10.1097/RLU.0000000000004919

  • Pubmed Abstract
  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 34.

  EmmettLSubramaniamSCrumbakerMNguyenAJoshuaAWeickhardtAet al[177Lu]Lu-PSMA-617 plus enzalutamide in patients with metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (ENZA-p): An open-label, multicentre, randomised, phase 2 trial.Lancet Oncol. (2024) 25:563–71. 10.1016/S1470-2045(24)00135-9

  • Pubmed Abstract
  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 35.

  AzadABresselMTanHVoskoboynikMSuderAWeickhardtAet alSequential [177Lu]Lu-PSMA-617 and docetaxel versus docetaxel in patients with metastatic hormone-sensitive prostate cancer (UpFrontPSMA): A multicentre, open-label, randomised, phase 2 study.Lancet Oncol. (2024) 25:1267–76. 10.1016/S1470-2045(24)00440-6

  • Pubmed Abstract
  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 36.

  PanJZhangTChenSBuTZhaoJNiXet alNomogram to predict the presence of PSMA-negative but FDG-positive lesion in castration-resistant prostate cancer: A multicenter cohort study.Ther Adv Med Oncol. (2024) 16:17588359231220506. 10.1177/17588359231220506

  • Pubmed Abstract
  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 37.

  TelliTLopesLKarpinskiMPabstKGrünwaldVShiKet alPrognostic value of [18F]FDG- and PSMA-PET in patients evaluated for [177Lu]Lu-PSMA therapy of mCRPC.Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging. (2025): 10.1007/s00259-025-07198-yEpub ahead of print.

  • Pubmed Abstract
  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 38.

  RizzoAMorbelliSAlbanoDFornariniGCioffiMLaudicellaRet alThe Homunculus of unspecific bone uptakes associated with PSMA-targeted tracers: A systematic review-based definition.Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging. (2024) 51:3753–64. 10.1007/s00259-024-06797-5

  • Pubmed Abstract
  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 39.

  YuWZhaoMDengYLiuSDuGYanBet alMeta-analysis of ¹⁸ F-PSMA-1007 PET/CT, ¹⁸ F-FDG PET/CT, and ⁶⁸Ga-PSMA PET/CT in diagnostic efficacy of prostate cancer.Cancer Imaging. (2023) 23:77. 10.1186/s40644-023-00599-y

  • Pubmed Abstract
  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 40.

  DadgarHPashazadehANorouzbeigiNAssadiMAl-BalooshiBBaumRet alTargeted radioligand therapy: Physics and biology, internal dosimetry and other practical aspects during ¹⁷⁷Lu/²²⁵Ac treatment in neuroendocrine tumors and metastatic prostate cancer.Theranostics. (2025) 15:4368–97. 10.7150/thno.107963

  • Pubmed Abstract
  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 41.

  SinghPDiwakarMGuptaRKumarSChakrabortyABajalEet alA method noise-based convolutional neural network technique for CT image denoising.Electronics. (2022) 11:3535. 10.3390/electronics11213535

  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 42.

  DiwakarMSinghP. CT image denoising using multivariate model and its method noise thresholding in non-subsampled shearlet domain.Biomed Signal Process Control. (2020) 57:101754. 10.1016/j.bspc.2019.101754

  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 43.

  McGeorgeSKwokMJiangAEmmettLPattisonDThomasPet alDual-tracer positron-emission tomography using prostate-specific membrane antigen and fluorodeoxyglucose for staging of prostate cancer: A systematic review.Adv Urol. (2021) 2021:1544208. 10.1155/2021/1544208

  • Pubmed Abstract
  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar