- 1 Department of Health Care Leadership and Management, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
- 2 South Carolina Environmental Public Health Tracking Program, South Carolina Department of Health and Environmental Control, Columbia, SC, USA
- 3 Department of Emergency Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
- 4 Department of Neurosciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
Stroke is a leading cause of death and disability, and recombinant tissue plasminogen activator (rtPA) can significantly reduce the long-term impact of acute ischemic stroke (AIS) if given within 3 h of symptom onset. South Carolina is located in the “stroke belt” and has a high rate of stroke and stroke mortality. Many small rural SC hospitals do not maintain the expertise needed to treat AIS patients with rtPA. MUSC is an academic medical center using REACH MUSC telemedicine to deliver stroke care to 15 hospitals in the state, increasing the likelihood of timely treatment with rtPA. The purpose of this study is to determine the increase in access to rtPA through the use of telemedicine for AIS in the general population and in specific segments of the population based on age, gender, race, ethnicity, education, urban/rural residence, poverty, and stroke mortality. We used a retrospective cross-sectional design examining Census data from 2000 and geographic information systems analysis to identify South Carolina residents that live within 30 or 60 min of a primary stroke center (PSC) or a REACH MUSC site. We include all South Carolina citizens in our analysis and specifically examine the population’s age, gender, race, ethnicity, education, urban/rural residence, poverty, and stroke mortality. Our sample includes 4,012,012 South Carolinians. The main measure is access to expert stroke care at a PSC or a REACH MUSC hospital within 30 or 60 min. We find that without REACH MUSC, only 38% of the population has potential access to expert stroke care in SC within 60 min given that most PSCs will maintain expert stroke coverage. REACH MUSC allows 76% of the population to be within 60 min of expert stroke care, and 43% of the population to be within 30 min drive time of expert stroke care. These increases in access are especially significant for groups that have faced disparities in care and high rates of AIS. The use of telemedicine can greatly increase access to care for residents throughout South Carolina.
Introduction
Stroke is a leading cause of death and disability in the United States (Thom et al., 2006; Hoody et al., 2008). South Carolina has especially high stroke incidence and mortality rates, particularly in younger and African American patients when compared to the rest of the country. Because of this, South Carolina has been referred to as the epicenter of the “stroke belt.” In fact, South Carolina has ranked among the highest in the country for stroke mortality (Lackland et al., 1998; Shrira et al., 2008).
In 1996, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved the use of recombinant tissue plasminogen activator (rtPA), a fibrinolytic drug, for the treatment of acute ischemic stroke (AIS; O’Fallon et al., 2004). When administered appropriately, rtPA significantly reduces the long term disability and physical damage that can follow AIS (Alberts et al., 2000; Schwab et al., 2007). Although rtPA was the first FDA approved treatment for AIS, the use of rtPA has not become widespread in part because it must be administered within 3 h of the onset of stroke symptoms (Kleindorfer et al., 2004; Hacke et al., 2008; Meschia, 2009). Many hospitals lack the stroke expertise, resources, and protocols to successfully treat AIS with rtPA (Gropen et al., 2006). In fact, Capampangan et al. (2009) report that despite over a decade after FDA approval still fewer than 5% of AIS patients receive rtPA.
Current challenges related to geography and resource limitations can influence patient access to stroke care and rtPA (Wang et al., 2004; Saposnik et al., 2008). Nearly half (45% or 135 million) of all Americans live more than 1 h away from “lifesaving stroke care” (Carr, 2010), and 40% of the population in the United States lives in counties with hospitals that have given rtPA to less than 2.4% of AIS patients (Kleindorfer et al., 2009). Several groups, including the brain attack coalition (BAC) and the American Stroke Association (ASA), have established guidelines for the development of primary stroke centers (PSCs), which are hospitals that meet specific requirements for access to expertise, necessary hospital-based resources, and process criteria that are required to track appropriate use of rtPA.
One challenge to administering rtPA within 3 h is the fact that not every stroke patient can be seen by a neurologist in this period of time. In practice the window is much smaller, in that most patients arrive with not much more than 60 min left on the clock. While being seen by a neurologist is not strictly necessary, the application of the selection criteria for rtPA use and CT interpretation are sufficiently complex that access to experienced stroke physicians is of value (Webb et al., 1995; Mano, 2008). Previous research has indicated that designated stroke units and certifications along with specified stroke protocols can result in more appropriate rtPA use, increased adherence to post-rtPA protocols, and improved patient outcomes (Stroke Unit Trialists Collaboration, 1997; Goldstein et al., 2003; Douglas et al., 2005; Carr, 2010). Although rtPA can and is given in hospitals without PSC designation, the required designations and protocols can help ensure that the most effective care is given to stroke patients through standardization and the required use of stroke expertise. Although not proven, evidence suggests that PSC designation may improve the processes of care to allow for the optimal use of rtPA for stroke patients (Stradling et al., 2007).
One way to make stroke expertise available is through the use of telemedicine. The REACH MUSC (Remote Evaluation of Acute isCHemic Stroke) telemedicine stroke network in South Carolina was intended to increase access to stroke care in rural areas of the state. The same concept had previously been successfully implemented in Georgia through the Medical College of Georgia (REACH-MCG) and rural spoke hospitals (Switzer et al., 2009). Because of the expertise that may be required to administer rtPA, REACH allows small hospitals without on-site neurologists to provide this level of care to stroke patients in a cost effective way. The REACH MUSC system provides equipment, software, and neurology expertise to remote hospital sites via the internet to evaluate and treat acute strokes (Wang et al., 2004; Hess et al., 2005, 2006; Switzer et al., 2009). Using telemedicine to treat stroke may overcome barriers to high quality care that exist because of a shortage of stroke experts and the lack of PSCs in rural communities (Schwab et al., 2007; Capampangan et al., 2009; Demaerschalk et al., 2009; Schwamm et al., 2009a,b). Additionally, Carr et al. (2009) claim that, “rapid diagnosis and early intervention in acute illness or acutely decompensated chronic illness improves patient outcomes”. In the stroke system of care model (SSCM), the American Heart Association (AHA) and the ASA have recommended the use of telemedicine to treat stroke acutely in “neurologically underserved areas” (Schwamm et al., 2009a,b, p. 2635). Telemedicine uses two-way real-time video conferencing with access to radiology images.
In light of this, the South Carolina legislature asked the Department of Health and Environmental Control to study stroke and make recommendations for the development of a stroke system of care (South Carolina Legislature1). Critical to the development of such a system are the established efforts to treat stroke acutely, including the use of rtPA. Like many states, South Carolina has attempted to do so with limited resources and has supported the further development of REACH MUSC.
The purpose of our study was to examine the impact of the establishment of REACH MUSC in South Carolina, specifically on access to acute stroke care in the state for the general population and specific segments of the population based on age, gender, race, ethnicity, education, urban/rural residence, poverty, and stroke mortality. Previous research conducted by the tri-state stroke network (TSSN) and the centers for disease control (CDC) has examined the impact and prevalence of stroke using a similar approach and found that there is limited access to rtPA treatment in the rural coastal plains that has many of the highest stroke death rates in the region. They provide an estimate of population access to rtPA treatment within 30 min to 1 h of stroke symptom onset in the tri-state region. Accordingly, only a half of the population of NC, SC, and GA lived within 30 min drive time to a PSC and rural residents had the least access (23%; Khan et al., 2010).
Materials and Methods
We studied U.S. Census data for South Carolina from the year 2000 to estimate the number of individuals who have access to stroke center care via a PSC or through REACH MUSC. We consider this care to include the possible treatment with rtPA, which has been shown to be more likely given in a designated stroke center with selective triage (Gropen et al., 2006). Expert stroke care is defined as a PSC or a hospital with a REACH MUSC enabled emergency department. We also account for Baptist Easley Hospital, which has a telemedicine relationship with Greenville Hospital Center similar to REACH MUSC.
To assess the access to stroke care in South Carolina, we used a geographic information systems (GIS) to calculate the number of South Carolinians that could be reasonably expected based on typical weather and road conditions to arrive at a stroke prepared or PSC hospital within 30 or 60 min. Previous research has utilized these time periods as representing timely access to emergency care as allowing for “timely intervention of critical diseases” (Carr et al., 2009). We determined the number and percentage of South Carolinians who live within a 30 or 60 min drive to a PSC or a REACH MUSC hospital. These estimates were calculated with and without the REACH MUSC hospitals. None of the REACH MUSC sites were PSCs at the time of the analysis. Drive time service areas were calculated using ESRIs® Network Analyst Extension and StreetMap for ArcMap software. The analysis was conducted in two ways. This analysis computed the total population served by either a PSC or REACH MUSC hospital in October of 2010. To ensure that individuals were not counted twice as in the case of a person living within 30 or 60 min of more than one such hospital, we controlled for service area overlap.
We also assessed the contribution of REACH MUSC to access to expert stroke care for groups that have faced disparities in care. We examined the breakdown of South Carolinians within 30 or 60 min of a PSC or REACH MUSC hospital as it relates to individual age, gender, race, ethnicity, education, urban/rural residence, poverty, and stroke mortality in the county where the individuals lived. The data for this analysis came from the 2000 Census population totals for Census Tracts in South Carolina.
Results
There were four Primary Stroke Centers in South Carolina during the time period of interest. The South Carolina REACH MUSC program began in May 2008 with two hospitals and has since grown to include 15 total hospitals. REACH MUSC hospitals include Georgetown Memorial Hospital, Grand Strand Regional Medical Center, Marion County Medical Center, McLeod Regional Medical Center, Waccamaw Community Hospital, Williamsburg Regional Hospital, Coastal Carolina, Piedmont, Kershaw, Self Regional, Loris, Loris–Seacoast, and McLeod-Dillon.
These hospitals have been selected as REACH MUSC spokes based on their geographic location, lack of stroke center status, desire to collaborate with MUSC and serving as an access point to South Carolinians who maybe having strokes as well as having the required access to 24 h intravenous pharmacy and CT scanning.
Without REACH MUSC in South Carolina, 975,722 (24%) of South Carolinians lived within 30 min of a PSC; 38% or 1,517,467 South Carolinians lived within 60 min of a PSC. The addition of the REACH MUSC hospitals has increased the number of South Carolinians with access to sites equipped to use of rtPA within 30 min to 1,725,379 (43%), which represents a 19% increase in the number of people with access. Furthermore, REACH MUSC doubled access for South Carolinians within 60 min of a stroke center or spoke hospital increasing the number to 3,059,919 (76%). These analyses and corresponding maps can be found in Figure 1, Tables 1 and 2.
Figure 1. Map of access to expert stroke care.
Table 1. Percentage of SC population within 30 min of expert stroke care.
Table 2. Percentage of SC population within 60 min of expert stroke care.
REACH MUSC provided a disproportionate increase in access for certain groups that have been shown to face disparities in care. The addition of the REACH MUSC system increased the percentage of younger (<40 years), African American, and rural South Carolinians within 30 min of a stroke center by 19, 20, and 20% respectively. When considering the 60-min time window, access to stroke care through REACH MUSC increased the number of younger, African American, and rural South Carolinians within 60 min of PSC care by 39, 46, and 40% respectively. The access to PSC care or equivalent is also notable with an increase of 21% for those living in a county with poverty within 30 min of care and 41% for those living in a county with poverty within 60 min of care.
Discussion
This study describes an important finding related to stroke care. The use of telemedicine can increase access for vulnerable populations who may seek emergency stroke care in small hospitals without PSC designation. In doing so, the REACH MUSC system has increased access to standardized stroke care and specific evidence based protocols for many thousands of South Carolinians in the eastern part of the state REACH MUSC was developed and launched very quickly during the period from August to December 2008, and because of it rtPA is being used in South Carolina through telemedicine. REACH MUSC provided hundreds of consultations at 15 spoke hospitals and has also led to the transfer to higher level care for patients as appropriate that might not have occurred prior to REACH MUSC. The large increases in access to expert stroke care for South Carolinians demonstrate the potential impact that the use of telemedicine may have in a geographic area. Furthermore, given that some PSCs may not have immediate on-site access to stroke expertise (up to 20 min in PSCs versus immediate access to CT interpretation through telemedicine), our study may underestimate the impact of telemedicine to treat AIS, which provides immediate consultation.
Attaining and maintaining PSC designation status is complex and costly, especially for smaller hospitals (Smith et al., 2008). With limited financial and human resources, REACH MUSC has sought to increase patient access to stroke expertise. The establishment of the REACH MUSC system has increased access to stroke care expertise within 30 and 60 min drive time for many South Carolinians. This differential has been especially noteworthy for African Americans’ access to stroke care. We sought to further categorize access related to disparities in race, gender, poverty, education, urban/rural residence, and stroke mortality because previous research has indicated there are relevant disparities in the incidence and treatment of stroke (Lackland et al., 1998; Ellis et al., 2008). Because of the health disparities that exist in the incidence, diagnosis, and treatment of stroke related to race, age, gender, and geographic location, improvements must be made to increase access to standardized care for stroke patients in an equitable way. The REACH MUSC network can allow spoke hospitals to feel comfortable in giving rtPA for better patient outcomes by using specific evidence based protocols for care.
Our study does have limitations. The study is based on 2000 census data but we are not aware of major demographic changes in the last decade that would undermine the importance of our findings. Another limitation of our study is the fact that we only measure access to expert stroke care. While we do not imply that access always equals treatment, we recognize that having access to expert stroke care is a necessary precursor to treatment. A third limitation is that patients, even with access within 30 and 60 min may not arrive to the appropriate hospital in time to allow for diagnosis and treatment. Thus, we cannot conclude nor infer the number of patients with access who will be treated with rtPA.
Since healthcare resources and expertise may be limited in smaller hospitals and rural areas, it is important for organizations to explore relationships and mechanisms of cooperation with larger, advanced organizations with greater resources and expertise. The REACH MUSC system has allowed many more South Carolinians to have access to PSC care through the use of telemedicine. By connecting stroke experts at MUSC to patients at smaller community hospitals, the access to high quality care has increased. The rapid and substantial shift in access, documented in this paper, could only be accomplished by telemedicine.
Conflict of Interest Statement
The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.
Acknowledgments
We would like to acknowledge the Southeastern Virtual Institute for Health Equity and Wellness (SE VIEW) funded by the Department of Defense and are grateful for their program support of The Stroke and Stroke Risk Reduction Initiative at MUSC.
Footnote
- ^http://www.chronicdisease.org/files/public/CVHC%20SC%20General%20Assembly%20Stroke%20Legislation%202009.pdf
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Keywords: access to care, rtPA, telestroke, reducing disparities in access
Citation: Kazley AS, Wilkerson RC, Jauch E and Adams RJ (2012) Access to expert stroke care with telemedicine: REACH MUSC. Front. Neur. 3:44. doi: 10.3389/fneur.2012.00044
Received: 19 October 2011; Accepted: 06 March 2012;
Published online: 21 March 2012.
Edited by:
Steven Levine, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, USAReviewed by:
Steven Rudolph, Miamonides Medical Center, USAKumar Rajamani, Wayne State University, USA
Copyright: © 2012 Kazley, Wilkerson, Jauch and Adams. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non Commercial License, which permits non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in other forums, provided the original authors and source are credited.
*Correspondence: Robert J. Adams, Department of Neurosciences, MUSC Stroke Center, Medical University of South Carolina, D19 Hagood Avenue, Suite 501, Charleston, SC 29425, USA. e-mail: adamsrj@musc.edu