Investigation into the potential mechanism and molecular targets of Fufang Xueshuantong capsule for the treatment of ischemic stroke based on network pharmacology and molecular docking

Fufang Xueshuantong (FFXST) capsule is a traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) preparation used to activate blood circulation, resolve stasis, benefit qi, and nourish yin in clinical practice. However, its potential mechanism and molecular targets after ischemic stroke (IS) have not been investigated. The aim of this research was to investigate the molecular mechanisms of FFXST in the treatment of IS based on network pharmacology and molecular docking. We used the Traditional Chinese Medicine Systems Pharmacology Database and Analysis Platform (TCMSP) to collect candidate compounds of four herbs in FFXST; disease-related differential genes were screened using the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database, and a compound–disease network was created using Cytoscape 3.8.2 software. The topological analysis of the protein–protein interaction (PPI) network was then created to determine the candidate targets of FFXST against IS. Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) enrichment analyses were conducted using the clusterProfiler package in R. The gene–pathway network of FFXST against IS was created to obtain the key target genes. Molecular docking was used to validate the core targets using AutoDock Vina 1.1.2. A total of 455 candidate compounds of FFXST and 18,544 disease-related differential genes were screened. Among them, FFXST targets for IS treatment had 67 active compounds and 10 targets in the PPI network related to STAT1, STAT3, and HIF1A. The biological processes of GO analysis included the regulation of reactive oxygen species metabolic process, cellular response to chemical stress, regulation of angiogenesis, regulation of vasculature development, positive regulation of cytokine production, and response to oxidative stress. The KEGG enrichment analysis showed that Kaposi sarcoma-associated herpesvirus infection, microRNAs in the cancer signaling pathway, Th17 cell differentiation, and HIF-1 signaling pathway were significantly enriched. The network pharmacology outcomes were further verified by molecular docking. We demonstrated that FFXST protection against IS may relate to the regulation of oxidative stress, immune inflammatory response, and angiogenesis through the relevant signaling pathways. Our study systematically illustrated the application of network pharmacology and molecular docking in evaluating characteristics of multi-component, multi-target, and multi-pathway of FFXST for IS.

Introduction

As estimated by the latest WTO report, stroke is the second leading cause of death in the world, and approximately 87% of stroke-related deaths belong to ischemic stroke (IS) (Zhou et al., 2018). Currently, the only FDA-approved drug for use in ischemic stroke is recombinant tissue plasminogen activator (rt-PA). However, due to the narrow time window for t-PA treatment and the risk of complications, only 3%–5% of patients benefit from t-PA therapy (Dibajnia and Morshead, 2013; Dirnagl and Endres, 2014). Endovascular thrombectomy is a means to improve vascular recanality clinically and is more effective than t-PA (Papanagiotou and Ntaios, 2018). As it has a high risk of surgery and a high postoperative recurrence rate, only a minority of patients can receive surgical intervention. Therefore, the development of drugs for stroke treatment is in urgent need.

Scholars at home and abroad have carried out many studies on the pathogenesis of ischemic stroke and how to prevent and treat the disease. However, the pathogenesis of IS is complicated and is influenced by multiple factors, many of which are still incompletely understood. The mechanisms underlying ischemic stroke are mainly related to excitatory neurotransmitters, Ca²⁺ overload, oxidative stress, energy metabolism disorders, and apoptosis (Zhou et al., 2018; Campbell et al., 2019). In response to the aforementioned aspects, researchers have developed neuroprotective drugs, but there are not many drugs that can achieve the expected therapeutic effect. The main reason lies in the key target proteins, and strategies for the treatment of stroke are too single, and it is difficult to achieve the desired therapeutic effect by intervening and treating the single mechanism and approach involved previously (Adams et al., 2007). This suggested to us that the use of natural medicinal resources to discover drugs that block IS pathways through multichannel and multi-effect and intervene key targets can provide new ideas and approaches for the treatment of IS.

Due to the complexity of the pathogenesis of ischemic stroke, more and more researchers have taken traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) as an important way to treat ischemic stroke (Zhu et al., 2021a; Zhu et al., 2022; Zhu and Wan, 2022). Fufang Xueshuantong (FFXST) capsule is a TCM preparation based on Sanqi jointly developed by Zhongshan Medical College of Sun Yat-sen University and Guangdong Zhongsheng Pharmaceutical Factory, which has the pharmacological effect of activating blood circulation, resolving stasis, benefiting qi, and nourishing yin. The formula of FFXST consists of Sanqi, Danshen, Huangqi, and Xuanshen, and the amount of Sanqi accounts for about 54.3% of the whole formula. Among them, saponin compounds are the main chemical components of Panax notoginseng, which have been widely used in the treatment of cerebrovascular diseases, and have the effect of improving blood circulation (Zhu et al., 2021b) in the brain and protecting brain cells (Zhu et al., 2020; Wang L. et al., 2021). Huangqi is a traditional Chinese Qi-tonifying herb. Astragaloside is one of the active ingredients of Huangqi, which has the effects of improving the permeability of the blood–brain barrier, reducing the free radical content of ischemic brain tissue, and inhibiting inflammatory mediators (Kang et al., 2021). Danshen has the effect of removing blood stasis, relieving pain, clearing the heart, and dispelling troubles. At present, numerous studies have shown that Danshen has a cerebral protective effect on ischemic stroke (Wu et al., 2007). Xuanshen is the dry root of Scrophularia ningpoensis Hemsl., which possessed the effects of nourishing Yin and relieving fire.

Owing to its multi-component, multi-target, and multi-pathway synergistic characteristics, TCM compounds can treat various diseases through potential ingredient–target interactions. Network pharmacology is a bioinformatics network construction and network topology analysis strategy, which observes the complex network relationship of “drug–target–disease” from the overall level and then guides the basic and clinical research of TCM, which is systematic and consistent with the overall view of TCM (Zeng et al., 2017; Jiang et al., 2019). In the past few years, the application of network pharmacology in the study of TCM has promoted the transformation of TCM from “single target and single component” to “multi-target and multi-component”, providing a new means for the basic research of pharmacodynamics substances of TCM and the elaboration of the overall mechanism of the therapeutic effect of TCM (Li et al., 2020; Wang K. et al., 2021). In the present study, we explore and analyze the molecular mechanism of FFXST in the treatment of IS based on the method of network pharmacology and molecular docking, in order to provide theoretical reference for subsequent experimental research. The specific process analysis is shown in Figure 1.

FIGURE 1

FIGURE 1. Specific process of network pharmacology analysis.

Materials and methods

Fufang Xueshuantong capsule active ingredient screening and potential target prediction

Through the Traditional Chinese Medicine Systems Pharmacology Database and Analysis Platform (TCMSP, http://lsp.nwu.edu.cn/tcmsp.php), with oral bioavailability (OB) ≥ 30% and drug-like properties (DL) ≥ 0.18 as the filter conditions, the names of FFXST single-flavor Chinese medicines (Sanqi, Huangqi, Danshen, and Xuanshen) were used as keywords to search (Li et al., 2015). The effective chemical components of each single-flavor Chinese medicine in FFXST and their corresponding potential targets were screened out, and the UniProt database (https://www.uniprot.org/) was used to convert the obtained target names into standard gene names to obtain the gene targets of FFXST.

Acquisition of differential genes

The differentially expressed genes in IS patients were derived from the GEO database (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/geo/, Series: GSE16561). The statistical significance of differential expression was set at p-value filter < 0.05 and logFC filter > 0.5. The differentially expressed genes presented in the form of a volcano map were depicted using the R package, and the top 20 differential genes were selected to render the heat map.

Compound–disease network construction

Using customized Perl scripts, the cross-genes of TCM target genes and disease difference genes were obtained. Combining the active ingredients of TCM, the TCM compound–disease regulatory network was constructed and visualized using Cytoscape 3.8.2 software.

Protein–protein interaction network construction

The PPI network was constructed and visualized using Cytoscape 3.8.2 software with the BisoGenet plugin. The parameter selected was “Homo sapiens.” The PPI data were derived from the Interacting Proteins (DIP™), Biological General Repository for Interaction Datasets (BioGRID), Human Protein Reference Database (HPRD), IntAct Molecular Interaction Database (IntAct), Molecular INTeraction (MINT) database, and Biomolecular Interaction Network Database (BIND) (Zhong and Fang, 2020). Visualization of the PPI networks of FFXST-related targets and IS-related targets was carried out using Cytoscape 3.8.2 software.

Protein–protein interaction network core target screening

The targets with the greatest correlation (core targets) are obtained using Cytoscape CytoNCA plugin according to betweenness centrality (BC), closeness centrality (CC), degree centrality (DC), eigenvector centrality (EC), local average connectivity (LAC), and network centrality (NC) (Jiang et al., 2019).

Gene ontology and kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes pathway enrichment analyses

Using the clusterProfiler package in R, the GO and KEGG enrichment analyses were carried out. Enrichment analysis of biological process (BP), cellular component (CC), and molecular function (MF) of potential targets was performed separately. First, the Bioconductor in the R package “org. Hs. eg.db” was installed and run, converting key target genes from each component for the treatment of ischemic stroke into Entrez IDs. Then, the clusterProfiler in the R package was installed, the species as a human source was set according to the converted Entrez ID, p(p-value) < 0.05 was selected for the threshold of the key target gene GO and KEGG analyses, and the top 10 enrichment results were output in the form of histograms and bubble charts.

Molecular docking

The top three core targets in the PPI network were screened for molecular docking with their corresponding chemical compositions. The PubChem database (https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/) was used to download small molecule ligand files of chemical composition, and they were imported into Chem3D software for spatial structure conversion and energy optimization. The gene ID of the core target was retrieved from the UniProt database, and the corresponding PDB format file was downloaded from the PDB database (http://www1.rcsb.org/). After water molecule removal and ligand isolation using PyMOL software, the macromolecular receptor file of the obtained core target was imported into AutoDockTools 1.5.7 software for hydrotreating. The docking core target and its corresponding chemical composition were performed using AutoDock Vina 1.1.2. The binding energy was revealed as an evaluation index for molecular docking.

Results

Fufang Xueshuantong capsule active ingredient screening and potential target prediction

A total of 119 active ingredients in Sanqi, 87 active ingredients in Huangqi, 202 active ingredients in Danshen, and 47 active ingredients in Xuanshen were screened by the TCMSP database. Ultimately, 102 candidate compounds of FFXST were finally collected with OB ≥ 30% and DL ≥ 0.18 as the screening requirements from the TCMSP, including 8 in Sanqi, 20 in Huangqi, 65 in Danshen, and 9 in Xuanshen (Supplementary Table S1). DrugBank and UniProt databases were used for the prediction of potential targets. Eventually, 716 targets in Sanqi, 953 in Huangqi, 2,565 in Danshen, and 499 in Xuanshen were collected.

Acquisition of differential genes

Comparing 24 normal samples and 39 disease samples in the GEO database, 18,544 disease-related differential genes were screened, including 10,073 upregulated genes and 8,471 downregulated genes. With a p-value filter < 0.05 and logFC filter > 0.5 as the screening condition, 282 upregulated genes and 245 downregulated genes were obtained. As shown in Figure 2, the differential genes in the disease samples are normally distributed, and the number of upregulated differential genes is more than that of the downregulated differential genes. The top 20 genes with the most significant up- and downregulation are shown in Figure 3 and Supplementary Table S2.

FIGURE 2

FIGURE 2. Volcano map of differential gene expression. Upregulated genes are indicated in red, downregulated genes are indicated in green, and black represents genes with no significant changes.

FIGURE 3

FIGURE 3. Gene heat map. Upregulated genes are indicated in red (logFC > 0) in the genome, downregulated genes are indicated in green (logFC < 0) in the genome, and black represents genes that do not have significant differences. The first 24 samples came from the control group, and the last 39 samples came from the stroke group.

Compound–disease network construction

There are 10 intersection genes as shown in Supplementary Table S3. The FFXST-related target network was created using the collected candidate compounds and compound targets (Figure 4). The network contained 77 nodes (67 compounds and their 10 targets in FFXST) and 84 edges which indicated the FFXST–target interactions. The number of related target genes in the active ingredients of Danshen and Huangqi was the largest, indicating that Danshen and Huangqi in FFXST are the most effective components. Quercetin, kaempferol, and luteolin acted on 8, 5, and 3 targets, respectively. Also, the OB of quercetin, kaempferol, and luteolin is 46.43, 41.88, and 36.16%, respectively. Therefore, they might be the key bioactive compounds of FFXST due to their importance in network position. The PTGS2 is the gene associated with the highest number of bioactive compounds.

FIGURE 4

FIGURE 4. Compound–disease network of FFXST. Green, yellow, and pink squares represent the compounds from Danshen, Huangqi, and Sanqi, respectively; red square represents the multidrug; and blue triangles represent targets.

Protein–protein interaction network core target screening

In order to further reveal the molecular mechanism of FFXST on IS, we conducted a topological characteristic analysis of the PPI network to determine the candidate targets of FFXST against IS. Figure 5A shows that this network consists of 704 nodes and 8,041 edges. Next, we performed the topological characteristic analysis of the combined PPI network according to the key parameters of DC and BC. After screening with DC > 45, nodes with DC were the first extracted, which included 89 nodes and 1,243 edges (Figure 5B). The candidate targets were further screened, and three targets with BC > 48 were identified (Figure 5C). Three target genes of FFXST for IS treatment were eventually identified. The information of 33 candidate targets sorted in descending order based on the value of the degree is presented in Supplementary Table S4.

FIGURE 5

FIGURE 5. Topological analysis of the PPI network. (A) Interactive PPI network of FFXST-related targets and IS-related targets. (B) PPI network of significant proteins extracted from (A). (C) PPI network of candidate FFXST targets for IS treatment extracted from (B).

Gene ontology and kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes pathway enrichment analyses

GO enrichment analysis was analyzed based on biological process (BP), cellular component (CC), and molecular function (MF). The top 20 terms are shown in Figure 6. The main enriched GO terms in BP included regulation of reactive oxygen species metabolic process, cellular response to chemical stress, regulation of angiogenesis, regulation of vasculature development, positive regulation of cytokine production, and response to oxidative stress. CC was mainly involved in RNA polymerase II transcription regulator complex, plasma membrane-bounded cell projection cytoplasm, organelle outer membrane, and outer membrane. MF was mainly involved in nuclear hormone receptor binding, oxidoreductase activity, acting on paired donors, incorporation or reduction of molecular oxygen, and hormone receptor binding. KEGG enrichment results showed that Kaposi sarcoma-associated herpesvirus infection, microRNAs in the cancer signaling pathway, Th17 cell differentiation, and HIF-1 signaling pathway were mainly influenced by FFXST in the process of treating IS (Figure 7). The genes of STAT3, STAT1, and HIF1A related to the greatest number of signaling pathways might be the key genes for FFXST against IS (Figure 8; Supplementary Table S5).

FIGURE 6

FIGURE 6. GO biological function enrichment of FFXST in the treatment of IS. (A) BP categories, (B) CC categories, and (C) MF categories.

FIGURE 7

FIGURE 7. KEGG signaling pathway enrichment of FFXST in the treatment of IS. The larger the size of the dot, the more the genes are annotated in the entry, and the redder the color of the dot, the lower the q value.

FIGURE 8

FIGURE 8. Gene–pathway network of FFXST against IS. This network shows the relationship between the enriched 20 pathways and 10 genes. The blue rectangles represent target genes, and the orange V-shapes represent pathways. The size of the graph shows the number of genes or pathways connected.

Molecular docking

The top three core targets (STAT1, STAT3, and HIF1A) were selected from the component–target–pathway network. These core targets docking with kaempferol, cryptotanshinone, and quercetin bioactive components were verified experimentally via AutoDock Vina 1.1.2 software (Figure 9). The STAT3 target protein was molecularly docked with cryptotanshinone with the lowest energy value that was less than −8.7 kcal·mol⁻¹(Supplementary Table S6).

FIGURE 9

FIGURE 9. Partial diagram of molecular docking. (A) STAT1–kaempferol; (B) STAT1–quercetin; (C) STAT3–crytotanshinone; and (D) HIF1A–quercetin.

Discussion

In this study, 102 candidate compounds in the active ingredients of the four TCMs (Sanqi, Huangqi, Danshen, and Xuanshen) in FFXST play important roles in the treatment of IS and are related to a variety of molecular targets and signaling pathways, indicating that these medicinal ingredients have potent research value. Quercetin, kaempferol, and crytotanshinone were identified as the active ingredients involved in most targets, and the molecular docking outcomes also validated that they exhibit strong binding efficacy with STAT1, STAT3, and HIF1A. Quercetin is a promising natural dietary compound with preventive and therapeutic effects on a variety of diseases (Sharma et al., 2018), and its activities are embodied in antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and pro-proliferative activities. The antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities of quercetin in cerebral I/R treatment have been validated by various in vivo and in vitro studies. Quercetin exerts neuroprotective effects by inhibiting oxidative stress and preventing endoplasmic reticulum stress (Li et al., 2021). Kaempferol is a flavonoid compound widely present in vegetables, fruits, and Chinese herbal medicines and has various biological functions such as anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and anti-cancer (Zhang et al., 2017). Kaempferol attenuates neuroinflammation to improve neurological deficits caused by cerebral I/R injury through the NF-κB pathway (Li et al., 2019). Cryptotanshinone, the main fat-soluble extract of Salvia miltiorrhiza, has shown many pharmacological activities in anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, antioxidant, anticancer, anti-ischemic/reperfusion injury, and anti-platelet aggregation (MEIm et al., 2019). Cryptotanshinone exerts neuroprotection via inhibiting inflammation in the cerebral I/R injury, specifically by decreasing IL-6, TNF-α, and IL-1β levels, reducing M1-type, and elevating M2-type microglia in OGD-induced BV2 cells and co-cultured microglia-neuron cells (Mao et al., 2021).

The topological analysis of the PPI network was performed for 33 intersection genes, revealing 33 strongly related proteins, among which 10 proteins (PTGS2, AKR1B1, MMP9, CD40LG, STAT3, STAT1, CYP1B1, AKR1C3, HIF1A, and HK2) are the predicted targets. Consistent with the results of the gene–pathway network, STAT3, STAT1, and HIF1A are the main targets in the PPI network with median values, suggesting that they may be the core targets of FFXST in the treatment of IS. STATs are a transcription factor family mediating cell proliferation, apoptosis, and other cellular events (Erdö et al., 2004). They are activated by free radicals, excitatory neurotransmitters, inflammatory mediators, and other cellular cytokines, during and after I/R injury (Ahn et al., 2006). The JAK/STAT signaling pathway is an important mediator involved in the regulation of neuroinflammation in the development of ischemic stroke (Deszo et al., 2004). STAT1 is activated by LPS plus IFN-γ that induces the M1 microglia polarization and accompanied by the production of inflammatory factors, such as TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, and iNOS (Lu et al., 2021). Phosphorylation of STAT3 modulates microglia/macrophage polarization and inhibits neuronal apoptosis and autophagy through STAT3-mediated effects in ischemic stroke (Liu et al., 2019; Tang et al., 2020; Xia et al., 2020). HIF1A regulates the expression of transcription of genes that participate in neuronal proliferation and survival after I/S injury. HIF1A can promote VEGF-mediated angiogenesis and neurogenesis under hypoxic conditions (Wu et al., 2018; Xiang et al., 2019).

To further explain clearly the mechanism of FFXST on IS treatment, we first analyzed BP, CC, and MF by GO enrichment analysis. Figure 5A shows that the BP terms of FFXST on IS were mainly related to the regulation of reactive oxygen species metabolic process, cellular response to chemical stress, regulation of angiogenesis, regulation of vasculature development, positive regulation of cytokine production, and response to oxidative stress. The oxidative stress state formed by the disruption of the homeostasis between the body’s oxidant and antioxidant systems is a key mechanism for cerebral ischemic injury. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) in vivo is mainly produced through pathways such as succinate dehydrogenase (SDH) and NADPH oxidase in the cellular mitochondrial succinate (Rodrigo et al., 2013; Chamorro et al., 2016). ROS acts as a key signaling molecule in the brain that directly or indirectly mediates many pathological processes of ischemic brain injury. It was also demonstrated that FFXST affects specific CC and MF terms, including RNA polymerase II transcription regulator complex, plasma membrane-bounded cell projection cytoplasm, organelle outer membrane, nuclear hormone receptor binding, oxidoreductase activity, acting on paired donors, with incorporation or reduction of molecular oxygen, and hormone receptor binding. KEGG pathways involving Kaposi sarcoma-associated herpesvirus infection, microRNAs in the cancer signaling pathway, Th17 cell differentiation, and HIF-1 signaling pathway were significantly enriched.

The main cells infected by Kaposi sarcoma-associated herpesvirus infection (KSHV) are epithelial cells, endothelial cells, B cells, and macrophages. KSHV infection of cells leads to increased synthesis and secretion of cytokines, which promotes cell proliferation and differentiation, and its infection is accompanied by pathological changes in the nervous system (Tso et al., 2017). MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are widely involved in the development of ischemic stroke, which can assist in the early diagnosis of the disease and possibly evaluate the prognosis (Xu et al., 2018). The research study has found that overexpression of miR-98 reduces cerebral infarct size in tMCAO mice, reduces the infiltration of pro-inflammatory Ly6Chi leukocytes, attenuates BBB permeability, and improves motility in mice with cerebral ischemia dysfunction (Bernstein et al., 2020). Therefore, the study of specific miRNAs related to ischemic stroke can make it a drug target for the treatment of ischemic stroke and bring new hope to the treatment of human ischemic stroke. Immune inflammatory response plays a key role in the pathophysiological process of acute ischemic stroke. T helper 17 (Th17) cells and regulatory T (Treg) cells are two important immune cells derived from CD4⁺ T cells. Th17/Treg balance is involved in the inflammatory response and plays an important role in immune regulation (Dolati et al., 2018). Th17 cells recruit and activate neutrophils mainly through the cytokines they secrete, stimulate epithelial cells to produce a defensive effect, and mediate inflammatory responses. It can secrete TNF-α, IL-6, IL-17A, IL-17F, IL-21, and IL-22, etc (Romagnani et al., 2009; Guo et al., 2018). Among them, IL-17A participates in the proliferation, maturation, and chemotaxis of neutrophils and regulates neutrophil apoptosis, promotes the maturation and chemotactic process of dendritic cells, and plays a synergistic role in stimulating the activation of T cells (Komiyama et al., 2006). Therefore, FFXST may help to prevent and treat IS by maintaining Th17/Treg balance to regulate the immune inflammatory response. The HIF-1 signaling pathway was also significantly enriched in this study, which suggested that the regulation of the HIF-1 signaling pathway might be one of the mechanisms of FFXST for the treatment of IS. HIF-1 is a nuclear transcriptional regulator found in response to hypoxia in mammalian cells. By inducing the expression of target genes during hypoxia and regulating anaerobic metabolism, angiogenesis, and the increase of erythropoietin, etc., the hypoxic tissue cells maintain a certain oxygen concentration and enable cells to survive in a state of hypoxia (Pan et al., 2021). The study found that the expression of HIF-1α and its target genes VEGF, EPO, and GTP in the ischemic penumbra increased significantly after ischemia and hypoxia (Stowe et al., 2008; Zhang et al., 2010), which was conducive to promoting collateral angiogenesis and glucose metabolism, improving the blood flow supply and energy supply in the penumbra, and enabling the survival of this part of neurons. In addition, FFXST may function by interfering with other pathways, including ovarian steroidogenesis, PD-L1 expression, and PD-1 checkpoint pathway in cancer, toxoplasmosis, and hepatitis B.

The potential mechanism and targets of FFXST for IS were investigated using network pharmacology and molecular docking in this study. Quercetin, kaempferol, and crytotanshinone were identified as the active ingredients associated with most targets. FFXST may exert anti-IS function and the regulation of pathways including Kaposi sarcoma-associated herpesvirus infection, microRNAs in the cancer signaling pathway, Th17 cell differentiation, and HIF-1 signaling pathway. STAT1, STAT3, and HIF1A were the important targets of FFXST in the treatment of IS. This research initially explored the active components, core targets, and signaling pathways of FFXST in the treatment of IS, and the active components and core targets were further verified by means of molecular docking. This study systematically illustrated the characteristics of multi-component, multi-target, and multi-pathway of FFXST for IS. We demonstrated that FFXST protection against IS may relate to the regulation of oxidative stress, immune inflammatory response, and angiogenesis through the relevant signaling pathways. However, due to the complexity of TCM ingredients, the preliminary exploration of FFXST based on network pharmacology is still insufficient. Aiming at the molecular targets and signaling pathway of FFXST for IS in the prediction results, further experimental verification will be conducted in the later stage, in order to provide a theoretical basis and reference for the pharmacological study of the pharmacodynamic components of FFXST in the treatment of IS and provide a basis for strengthening the optimization of experimental design and further discussion in the later stage.

Data availability statement

The datasets presented in this study can be found in online repositories. The names of the repository/repositories and accession number(s) can be found in the article/Supplementary Material.

Author contributions

LW and TZ performed the main analysis and drafted the manuscript. LW and TZ designed the research. LiW assisted in the preparation of the manuscript. HW assisted in the revision of the manuscript. All authors discussed, edited, and approved the final version.

Funding

This research was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 82204663); the Shandong Medical and Health Science and Technology Development Plan Project (No. 202102041137).

Conflict of interest

The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.

Publisher’s note

All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors, and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article, or claim that may be made by its manufacturer, is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher.

Supplementary material

The Supplementary Material for this article can be found online at: https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fphar.2022.949644/full#supplementary-material

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