National Antibiotic Consumption for Human Use in Chad (2017-2021): A Descriptive Cross-Sectional Study

Zongo R Frank Edgard¹Kadidjia Bakari Traoré²Colette Ngabéré²Martine Yoyammel²Abatcha Oumar Kadai¹John Eyong Efobi¹Mathieu Hota²Lamireou Didi²Badawi Haroun Mahamat³Hamit Mahamat Alio³Jacques L Tamuzi^4*M C Katoto⁵Charles S Wiysonge⁶Blanche-Philomene Melanga Melanga¹

• ¹Organization Mondiale de la sante N'djamena, Chad, N'djamena, Chad
• ²Ministere de la sante, N'djamena, Chad, N'djamena, Chad
• ³University of N'Djamena, N'Djamena, Baguirmi, Chad
• ⁴Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa
• ⁵Université Catholique de Bukavu, Bukavu, South Kivu, Democratic Republic of Congo
• ⁶World Health Organization - Regional Office for Africa, Brazzaville, Republic of Congo

Background: Antibiotic resistance (ABR) to commonly used antibiotics is significant in sSub-Saharan Africa (SSA). In SSA, Chad has one of the highest AMR rates. The link between ABR and antibiotic consumption (ABC) is well-established. However, no ABCrelated studies have been conducted in Chad recently. The purpose of this study is to examine the trajectory of ABC in Chad from 2017 to 2021, using the World Health Organization's (WHO) Access, Watch, and Reserve (AWaRe) antibiotic classification.Methods: A descriptive retrospective study was conducted in N'Djamena, using antibiotic import and distribution data collected from the General Directorate of Pharmacy and four wholesale distributors of medicines. The defined daily doses (DDD) and the mean relative change (MRC) were used to computed the results. Results were presented in terms of tables and graphs. The results were compared to the WHO's guidelines for ABC use via the AWaRe categorization.Results: Between 2017 and 2021, an average ABC of 2.5 doses per inhabitant per year was observed, peaking in 2020 at 5.3 doses per inhabitant. In terms of DDD, the ten most commonly consumed antibiotics during the time, in descending order, were: amoxicillin, ampicillin, sulfamethoxazole/trimethoprim, doxycycline, ciprofloxacin, phenoxymethylpenicillin, erythromycin, ceftriaxone, azithromycin, and gentamicin. However, MRC detected an increase in benzathine benzyl penicillin, benzylpenicillin, ampicillin, amoxicillin+clavulanic acid, flucloxacillin, ceftriaxone, cefixime, cefpodoxime and cefalexin, cotrimoxazole, ciprofloxacin, levofloxacin, norfloxacin, ofloxacin, and azythromycin. Controversially, amoxicillin, cefotaxime, doxycycline, erythromycin, and moxifloxacin have lower MRC from 2017 to 2021. Although 90% of the ABC are from the "Access" group, the "Watch" group has increased over time.Our findings indicated a significant ABC in the Chadian population from 2017 to 2021, which may elucidate the country's elevated ABR. On average, 90% of ABC were categorized in the "Access" group, although utilization of the Watch group increased over time. This requires prompt implementation of the monitoring system for ABC at all tiers in Chad.