Advancing Knowledge-Based Economies and Societies through AI and Optimization: Innovations, Challenges, and Implications

Erfan Babaee Tirkolaee^1,2,3*Ramin Ranjbarzadeh⁴Gerhard-Wilhelm Weber⁵

• ¹University of Istinye, Istanbul, Türkiye
• ²Yuan Ze University, Zhongli District, Taiwan
• ³Western Caspian University, Baku, Azerbaijan
• ⁴Dublin City University, Dublin, Ireland
• ⁵Politechnika Poznanska, Poznań, Poland

as well, particularly in integrating domain expertise into Machine Learning (ML)-driven automation and ensuring that technically sophisticated models remain practical for deployment. Yet these challenges also reveal substantial opportunities. Advances in cross-sector data fusion, human-centric algorithm design, and sustainability-oriented optimization approaches represent the emergence of new research pathways with the potential to shape next-generation societal infrastructures. By framing the SI papers against the backdrop of these broader issues, this Editorial spotlights the expanding complexity as well as growing significance of this interdisciplinary field. It sets forth a forward-looking research agenda for scholars and practitioners. The contributions in this SI collectively indicate several priority directions. One urgent need is for more transparent, explainable, and ethically aligned AI systems. Another is the development of optimization models that can operate reliably under real-time uncertainty, especially within dynamic socio-economic environments. A third is the design of socio-technical frameworks that integrate algorithmic insights with human judgment, institutional realities, and societal values. Progress in these areas will require deeply interdisciplinary collaboration, bringing together economists, engineers, computer scientists, policymakers, and social scientists. From an editorial perspective, we argue that future scholarship should move beyond isolated technical improvements and instead work toward scalable, inclusive, and context-aware AI-optimization ecosystems capable of genuinely supporting societal well-being. These emerging trajectories form a strategic foundation for guiding the next era of research and practice in knowledge-based economies.A critical synthesis of the SI contributions reveals meaningful patterns. The papers converge on the recognition that data-driven intelligence, predictive analytics, and decision support tools are becoming foundational across diverse sectors, from public administration and education to manufacturing, transportation, and urban systems. They highlight the need for AI systems that are adaptive, transparent, and responsive to human and societal needs. However, the papers also diverge in their methodological approaches, target domains, and interpretations of socio-technical concerns. These contrasts illuminate persistent points of conflict between technical sophistication and real-world usability, between efficiency-oriented objectives and ethical or equity considerations, and between automation and the preservation of human agency. These patterns also indicate that the field must work toward reconciling such tensions by developing frameworks that balance methodological robustness with relevance to societal needs. For scholars, this means advancing research in areas such as cross-domain modeling, human-AI collaboration, and ethical algorithm design. For practitioners, it emphasizes the importance of implementing AI-optimization systems that are responsible, context-sensitive, and aligned with institutional and community priorities.Several thematic clusters within the SI further illustrate the transformative role of AI and optimization. One group of papers focuses on AI-powered decision support tools, which are increasingly used to address multifaceted challenges in both public and private sectors. These tools leverage ML, predictive analytics, heuristics, and hybrid models to improve planning, resource management, and organizational adaptability. In knowledge-based societies, where information flows, digital services, and citizen expectations evolve rapidly, such intelligent systems can enhance transparency, accountability, and responsiveness. Another cluster highlights optimization and algorithmic intelligence within industrial and manufacturing contexts. Here, the emphasis lies on improving efficiency, resilience, and sustainability through advanced scheduling, production planning, energy management, and uncertainty modeling. Altogether, these studies show how optimization is becoming a strategic driver of competitive advantage, supporting broader shifts toward digitized, automated, and flexible production ecosystems.Research on logistics, mobility, and urban systems provides additional evidence of AI's societal influence. The proliferation of urban data, from traffic patterns to environmental indicators, enables the design of more adaptive, responsive, and sustainable mobility solutions. Optimizationdriven models help reduce congestion, lower emissions, and improve equitable access to urban services. These studies also bring attention to a crucial point: technological innovation must be paired with human-centered design to ensure real-world impact. Methodological innovations also feature prominently in this SI. Many contributions introduce novel algorithms, improved metaheuristics, hybrid AI-optimization architectures, or specialized modeling tools capable of tackling high-dimensional, nonlinear, or uncertain environments. Importantly, the SI concludes with perspectives on AI in education, knowledge management, and societal development. The contributions remind us that building a knowledge-based society requires not only technological progress but also sustained investment in digital literacy, collaboration, and institutional support.Finally, we extend our sincere gratitude to all authors who contributed to this Research Topic for their insightful, innovative, and high-quality work. We are equally grateful to the reviewers, whose careful evaluations and constructive feedback significantly strengthened the publications. Our appreciation also goes to the Frontiers editorial team for their guidance and continued support throughout the entire process. We hope this SI inspires further investigation at the intersection of AI, optimization, and socio-economic development, encouraging new collaborations and advancing the global dialogue on how technology can responsibly and effectively support knowledge-based societies. As communities, industries, and governments continue to engage with the accelerating pace of digital transformation, the insights collected here offer valuable pathways for shaping more intelligent, sustainable, and inclusive futures.