METHODS article
Front. Bioeng. Biotechnol.
Sec. Biomechanics
Volume 13 - 2025 | doi: 10.3389/fbioe.2025.1571639
Mitigation of image distortion during mechanical testing within a dynamic stereo x-ray system
Provisionally accepted
David Paglia1*
John Chomack2
David Herlihy2
Charlene Wetterstrand1
Yazan Kadkoy1
Roman Duchnycz1
Patrick Kelly1
J. Patrick O'Connor1
Susan E D’Andrea3
Jason Maikos2- 1New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Newark, New Jersey, United States
- 2Veterans Affairs New York Harbor Healthcare System, Veterans Health Administration, United States Department of Veterans Affairs, Brooklyn, New York, United States
- 3University of Rhode Island, Kingston, Rhode Island, United States
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Background:Dynamic stereo x-ray (DSX) permits in-vivo skin strain quantification with high accuracy. Validation of image-derived strain can be performed via mechanical testing inside a DSX capture volume while simultaneously comparing strain measurements. However, electromagnetic mechanical testing systems (eMTSs) emit magnetic fields that affect DSX image formation components and cause image distortion. This study presents a custom solution to redirect this magnetic field from the DSX capture volume to mitigate image distortion. Methods:A MuMETAL-lined box contoured to the test frame was developed to divert the magnetic field from the DSX test space. To assess the design, a radiopaque object was placed in the eMTS with shielding and within the DSX capture volume at either 65 or 103 cm from the image intensifiers (IIs) while the speed of the eMTS actuator was systematically increased from 0.1 to 10 mm/s during image collection. Root mean square error (RSME) was calculated over 1,000 frames for each test condition. Results:Results indicated a proportional change in RSME with increasing distance and decreasing speed. At 65 cm, higher actuator speeds (10 mm/s) produced the largest RSME (0.11 mm), significantly higher than the control test. At 103 cm, RSME was below 0.05 mm for all speeds. Conclusions:While closer distance to the IIs and higher actuator speeds produced larger RSME, results indicated that RSME for all experimental conditions fell below the established RSME associated with DSX marker tracking. The MuMETAL-lined box therefore mitigated DSX image distortion caused by the eMTS regardless of distance to the IIs and actuator speed.
Keywords: Biplanar fluoroscopy, Dynamic stereo X-ray, skin strain, mechanical testing, magnetic field, Magnetic field shielding
Received: 05 Feb 2025; Accepted: 07 May 2025.
Copyright: © 2025 Paglia, Chomack, Herlihy, Wetterstrand, Kadkoy, Duchnycz, Kelly, O'Connor, D’Andrea and Maikos. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) or licensor are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.
* Correspondence: David Paglia, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Newark, 07103, New Jersey, United States
Disclaimer: All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article or claim that may be made by its manufacturer is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher.