ORIGINAL RESEARCH article
Front. Bioeng. Biotechnol.
Sec. Cell and Gene Therapy
Volume 13 - 2025 | doi: 10.3389/fbioe.2025.1583496
A pilot study of healing critical-sized calvarial defects by LL-37-generated monoosteophils
Provisionally accepted
- 1City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, United States
- 2University of California, Riverside, Riverside, California, United States
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Introduction: Monoosteophils, derived from LL-37-treated monocytes, are a novel type of calcifying/bone forming cells. We have shown that monoosteophils can form bone-like nodules in vitro and accelerate bone repair in a drilled femur defect model. Here, we explored the bone repair function of monoosteophils in a mouse model of critical-sized calvarial defect and the mechanism of bone nodule formation of monoosteophils in vitro.Methods: Human monocytes were isolated from peripheral blood and differentiated into monoosteophils. Critical-sized (5 mm-diameter) calvarial defects in the parietal bone of adult male NOD/SCID mice were implanted with either 1-day untreated human monocytes, 1-day LL-37 treated human monocytes (monoosteophils), 1-day human monocytes plus hydroxyapatite nanoparticles or 1-day human monoosteophils plus hydroxyapatite nanoparticles. Microcomputed tomography (µCT) was used for assessment of bone formation in the mouse model. Alizarin Red S staining (ARS), FAM-alendronate staining, light and fluorescence microscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) and transmitted electron microscopy (TEM) were used to examine bone nodule formation in vitro.The most complete healing (80%) was observed for monoosteophils plus hydroxyapatite. The results of a dose response study (5 x10 6 , 2.5 x10 6 , 1.25 x10 6 and 0.625 x10 6 MOP cells) showed that monoosteophil cell counts as low as 0.625 x10 6 cells were able to significantly repair the defect area over a short-term observation period of 4 weeks. Mechanistic in vitro studies using ARS and FAM-alendronate staining showed that monoosteophils form bone nodule in αMEM medium supplemented with 2.5 mM CaCl2. SEM/EDS analysis confirmed that the bone nodules consisted of phosphorus, calcium, oxygen, and sodium. Monoosteophils in culturing condition formed the unique granules in the cytoplasm consisting of phosphorus, calcium, oxygen, and sodium evidenced by SEM/EDS.We now demonstrate that the bone repair function of monoosteophils requires hydroxyapatite through intracellular nodule formation and monoosteophils are capable of filling in large calvarial defects in our pilot study. These observations may have important implications in facilitating the development of therapeutic applications for clinically challenging bone repairs and the understanding of pathological mineralization.
Keywords: Critical-size calvarial defect, mineralization, Bone nodule formation, Bone repair, 42 monoosteophil 43
Received: 26 Feb 2025; Accepted: 18 Jun 2025.
Copyright: © 2025 Le, Liu, Zhang, Fong, Shively and Zhang. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) or licensor are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.
* Correspondence: Zhifang Zhang, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, United States
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