ORIGINAL RESEARCH article
Front. Bioeng. Biotechnol.
Sec. Biomechanics
Volume 13 - 2025 | doi: 10.3389/fbioe.2025.1594557
Age-Related Differences in Intramuscular Fat Distribution: Spatial Quantification in Human Ankle Plantar Flexors
Provisionally accepted
- 1Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, United Kingdom
- 2The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
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Accumulation of intramuscular fat (IMF) is an important marker of skeletal muscle health, typically reported as the mean intramuscular fat fraction (FF) from quantitative magnetic resonance images (MRI). However, such a summary measure does not reveal the spatial distribution of the FF through the muscle volume, and currently no methods to quantify intramuscular FF spatial distribution have been reported. This study assessed two-and three-dimensional characteristics of intramuscular FF spatial distribution and investigated age-related differences in intramuscular FF clustering in medial gastrocnemius (MG), lateral gastrocnemius (LG), and soleus (SOL) muscles. A total of 32 physically active young (N=19, 23.8 ± 2.2 years) and older (N=13, 70.1 ± 2.2 years) participants were recruited. Intramuscular FF regions were extracted from axial mDixon MRIs using a region-growing method, revealing branch-like clusters, potentially following the vasculature. Three-dimensional intramuscular FF clustering and density were assessed using Delaunay tessellation and Ripley's functions. Older adults exhibited significantly shorter Delaunay mean edge lengths compared to young (MG: 2.6±0.5 mm vs. 3.2±0.4 mm, p < 0.001; LG: 2.5±0.6 mm vs. 3.3±0.8 mm, p < 0.001; SOL: 2.4±0.4 mm vs. 3.5±0.7 mm, p < 0.001), indicating denser clustering. Ripley's K function confirmed greater clustering in older adults. Two-way ANOVA revealed aging (F statistics = 21, p < 0.001, Hedge's g = 1.8) but not sex (F statistics = 1.5, p = 0.9, Hedge's g = 0.3) as the main effect for variation in intramuscular FF clustering, with no interaction between these two factors (F statistics = 1.3, p = 0.35). This work provides an objective framework for characterizing intramuscular FF spatial distribution, providing a means to track skeletal muscle fatty replacement and provide more robust and sensitive markers of skeletal muscle health.
Keywords: Intramuscular fat, spatial distribution, Region-growing method, Ankle plantar flexors muscle, Delaunay tessellation, clustering
Received: 16 Mar 2025; Accepted: 21 May 2025.
Copyright: © 2025 ZHAO, Smith, Dick and Hodson-Tole. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) or licensor are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.
* Correspondence: ZHENKAI ZHAO, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, United Kingdom
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