REVIEW article
Front. Bioeng. Biotechnol.
Sec. Biosensors and Biomolecular Electronics
Sweat, Tears, and Beyond: Advanced Wearable Sensors for 1 Personalized Health and Athletic Performance 2
Provisionally accepted
TURHAN TOROS1*
Sermin Agralı Ermiş2
Aydolu Algin Toros3
Emre SERİN1Meliha Uzun4Günay Cerit4Tugba Onat5Mustafa Onder Sekeroglu6Bahadır Kayisoglu7- 1Faculty of Sports Science, Mersin University, Mersin, Türkiye
- 2Aydin Adnan Menderes Universitesi, Aydın, Türkiye
- 3Akdeniz Universitesi, Antalya, Türkiye
- 4Sirnak Universitesi, Şırnak, Türkiye
- 5Hakkari Universitesi, Hakkari, Türkiye
- 6Mus Alparslan Universitesi, Muş, Türkiye
- 7Karabuk Universitesi, Karabük, Türkiye
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Abstract: This review investigates the transformative potential of wearable sensors for body fluid 3 monitoring in sports and healthcare. These devices offer a non-invasive, real-time, in-situ glimpse 4 into our health by continuously tracking vital biomarkers found in sweat, saliva, urine, and tears. 5 We discuss various sensor technologies, including electrochemical, optical, and microfluidic, and 6 the innovative materials like hydrogels and nanocomposites that enable their functionality. The 7 integration of RFID and flexible electronics is also examined, highlighting how these 8 advancements improve the connectivity, portability, and user-friendliness of the sensors. 9 Moreover, we delve into the advanced manufacturing techniques, such as 3D printing, that are 10 crucial for crafting these sophisticated devices with high precision and adaptability. In prospect, 11 this article evaluates the transformative potential of integrating these in-situ sensors with artificial 12 intelligence and machine learning, envisioning a paradigm shift in health monitoring and athletic 13 performance optimization.
Keywords: wearable sensors, Body Fluid Monitoring, Non-invasive technologies, AdvancedMaterials, Sports and Healthcare Applications
Received: 25 Aug 2025; Accepted: 27 Oct 2025.
Copyright: © 2025 TOROS, Agralı Ermiş, Toros, SERİN, Uzun, Cerit, Onat, Sekeroglu and Kayisoglu. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) or licensor are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.
* Correspondence: TURHAN TOROS, turhantoros@yahoo.com
Disclaimer: All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article or claim that may be made by its manufacturer is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher.