Abstract
Introduction:
This study reports a patient who developed a secondary renal artery aneurysm (RAA) after occlusion of the main renal artery.
Methods:
A 25-year-old woman was hospitalized due to an enlarged renal artery aneurysm (RAA). Computed tomography angiography revealed a 2.2 mm left renal aneurysm and the absence of the left renal artery trunk, with collateral blood supply from the branch arteries of the aorta. The left kidney function remained normal, allowing successful aneurysm embolization. Three years after embolization, the patient's hypertension improved and became more manageable.
Conclusion:
Compensation through other abdominal aorta branches after renal artery trunk occlusion is rare, and these branches may also lead to the development of aneurysms. Regular monitoring of these patients is essential.
Introduction
The common causes of renovascular hypertension are renal arteritis, atherosclerosis, and fibromuscular dysplasia (). Additionally, two-thirds of patients with renal aneurysms also have hypertension, and most patients experience hypertension improvement after renal vascular reconstruction (). Fibromuscular dysplasia (FMD) is a noninflammatory and nonatherosclerotic arterial disease that mostly affects the renal arteries (, ) and occurs predominantly in women aged 20–60 years.
The mechanism of hypertension in both renal aneurysms and FMD is unclear. It is thought that the sympathetic nervous system, with fibers from the aorta located in the adventitia of the renal arteries, is a critical contributor to the regulation of both effects in acute and chronic states and has been proven to be overactivated in all forms of hypertension (). According to the new RADIANCE Clinical Trial Program (), ultrasound renal denervation decreases blood pressure in patients with mild to moderate hypertension and hypertension who are resistant to treatment.
Although color ultrasound can now accurately reveal the lesion, the characteristics and anatomic properties of the lesion can be better demonstrated by computed tomography angiography (CTA) or angiography. No cases of renal artery occlusion caused by FMD have been reported. It is very rare to develop collateral circulation to satisfy the renal blood supply and maintain normal renal function after main renal artery occlusion. Moreover, how can one manage an aneurysm located at the proximal end of one of these important branch arteries? This article describes the treatment and results of a patient with a secondary aneurysm in this special condition.
Case presentation
A 25-year-old female was admitted with the chief complaint that a renal artery aneurysm (RAA) had been found 7 years prior and had been enlarging for 3 months. Approximately 7 years ago, the patient presented to our hospital because of a systolic pressure of 240 mmHg. CTA revealed several renal arteries supplying the right kidney, and the aneurysm was located at the proximal end of the second renal artery (Figure 1). However, the right main renal artery was not clearly visualized on the CT, raising suspicion of occlusion and degeneration. Furthermore, the right kidney is smaller in volume than the left kidney. Immunological inspection revealed no abnormalities. The glomerular filtration rate (GFR) was 136.60 ml/min/1.73 m2. Aldosterone (decubitus) was 59.25 ng/dl, angiotensin (decubitus) was 88.07 ng/dl, norepinephrine was 365 ng/L, and epinephrine was 31 ng/L. Considering that the aneurysm was small (0.5 × 0.5 cm, Figure 1) and that sacrificing the collateral artery during embolization could lead to decreased renal function, close follow-up observations and proactive management of hypertension were recommended.
Figure 1
The reason for this hospitalization was that the patient experienced an increase in RAA three months prior. Computed tomography angiography (CTA) revealed that the volume of the identified aneurysm (2.20*1.10 cm, Figures 2A–C) and the kidney (Supplementary Figures 1B,D) increased noticeably compared with that of the CTA in 2013 (Supplementary Figures 1A,C). The collateral arteries of the right kidney appeared to be increasing in size.
Figure 2
Blood pressure (BP) was controlled by the oral administration of labelolol hydrochloride (100 mg, twice a day) and felodipine (5 mg, once a day) and fluctuated between 130/70 mmHg and 160/100 mmHg. Laboratory examination revealed that the serum creatinine level was 61 µmol/L, and the GFR was 129.72 ml/min/1.73 m2. SPECT renal imaging revealed that the right renal GFR (ml/min) was 44.51, and the left renal GFR was 38.37. No positive inflammatory indicators or abnormalities in immunologic function were detected. Venous blood samples taken at the level of the renal veins revealed the following values: in the left renal vein, the renin level was approximately 1.32 µIU/ml, the aldosterone level was approximately 7.00 ng/dl, whereas in the right renal vein, the renin level was approximately 1.90 µIU/ml, and the aldosterone level was approximately 6.76 ng/dl. After fully understanding the patient's condition and treatment plan, the patient chose embolization treatment.
Angiography confirmed the presence of the branch aneurysm and the absence of the main renal artery. The kidney was supplied by other branches originating from the abdominal aorta. The aneurysm was subsequently embolized via COOK coils of various sizes (10 mm, 8 mm, and 6 mm, totaling 13 coils). Postsurgery, hydration and antiplatelet therapy were administered as part of routine care. The serum creatinine level was 61 µmol/L, with an estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) of 121.38 ml/min/1.73 m2. Blood pressure was successfully maintained at approximately 140/85 mmHg.
The patient was discharged successfully. After three months, the dosage of labetalol was reduced by half, and after six months, the blood pressure stabilized and remained stable. Three years later, the patient was pleased to report that only felodipine (2.5 mg, once a day) was needed to control her blood pressure well.
Discussion
Fibromuscular dysplasia (FMD) can lead to arterial stenosis, occlusion, aneurysm, dissection and tortuosity and can cause hypertension. FMD lesions are typically located away from the origin of the renal artery, often in the midportion of the vessel or at the first arterial bifurcation (). Additionally, there was a mean delay from the onset of FMD-mediated hypertension to FMD diagnosis of 4 years for unifocal FMD and 9 years for multifocal FMD (MFMD) (). The current mostly accepted mechanism for renovascular hypertension is that a reduction in blood flow perfusion to the kidney causes alterations in the renin‒angiotensin‒aldosterone system (). This has also been demonstrated in our case. However, whether this is related to the renal sympathetic nerve is unknown.
With the establishment and development of collateral circulation, blood flow to the right kidney increases, causing its volume to gradually expand until it is comparable to that of the left kidney, leading to a gradual normalization of the secretion levels of renin and angiotensin. Interestingly, neither unifocal FMD nor MFMD has been reported in current studies to cause renal artery occlusion. Even rarer patients maintain normal renal function after experiencing arterial occlusion. Dobrzinski et al. () reported a 47-year-old female who was found to have occlusion of the left renal artery accompanied by decreased left kidney function due to hypertension. After one year of medical treatment, the left kidney returned to normal function through collateral circulation, and the hypertension became easier to control.
In addition, no clear evidence has revealed the relationship between ARA stenosis and HTN (, ). However, Calinoiu et al. () reported that accessory renal artery stenosis led to a significant increase in renin levels, causing hypertension. Generally, the diameters of the main renal arteries were significantly smaller when the ARA was present. The main renal artery is considered to be a single, dominant artery arising from the abdominal aorta that enters the renal hilum and branches, whereas the ARAs do not branch prior to entry into the renal parenchyma (). ARAs can affect 25%–50% of patients and originate from the abdominal aorta, the main renal artery, other branches of the aorta, etc. The number of AAs vastly differs between individuals because of the complex nature of renal embryogenesis ().
This condition could be attributed to congenital dysplasia of the renal arteries. However, this patient was not considered congenital because her symptoms did not begin until she was an adult. A diagnosis of fibromuscular dysplasia (FMD) is reasonable given the changes in renin and angiotensin levels, the presence of main renal artery occlusion, the absence of immunological markers, the absence of renal artery calcification, and the lack of a specific family history. For these patients, routine renal artery screening should be conducted and reviewed annually.
Notably, despite the occlusion of the main right renal artery, the patient's right kidney continued to grow into adulthood until it was similar in size to the left kidney. These positive changes render the carrier artery no longer strategically advantageous. Interestingly, hypertension improved following aneurysm embolization. This may be attributable to changes in pressure within the collateral circulation network following embolization, leading to a redistribution of blood flow and an increased blood supply to the kidney.
Conclusion
Compensation through other branches of the abdominal aorta after occlusion of the renal artery trunk is very rare. Moreover, these branches may also subsequently lead to aneurysms. Regular monitoring is necessary for these patients. The choice of treatment should still be determined on the basis of the individual patient's condition.
Statements
Data availability statement
The original contributions presented in the study are included in the article/Supplementary Material, further inquiries can be directed to the corresponding author.
Ethics statement
The studies involving humans were approved by Biomedical ethics, West China Hospital of Sichuan University. The studies were conducted in accordance with the local legislation and institutional requirements. The participants provided their written informed consent to participate in this study. Written informed consent was obtained from the individual(s) for the publication of any potentially identifiable images or data included in this article.
Author contributions
JW: Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing. CC: Validation, Writing – review & editing. GC: Resources, Visualization, Writing – review & editing. BH: Conceptualization, Validation, Writing – review & editing.
Funding
The author(s) declare that no financial support was received for the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article.
Conflict of interest
The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.
Publisher’s note
All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article, or claim that may be made by its manufacturer, is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher.
Supplementary material
The Supplementary Material for this article can be found online at: https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fcvm.2024.1477604/full#supplementary-material
Supplementary Figure S1Compared with 7 years ago, the volume difference between the two kidneys decreased significantly. (The right kidney was larger, and the left kidney was smaller. A and C was in 2013. B and D was in 2020).
References
1.
SarafidisPSchmiederRBurnierMPersuAJanuszewiczAHalimiJ-Met alA European renal association (ERA) synopsis for nephrology practice of the 2023 European society of hypertension (ESH) guidelines for the management of arterial hypertension. Nephrol Dial Transplant. (2024) 39(6):929–43. 10.1093/ndt/gfae041
2.
ChaerRAAbularrageCJColemanDMEslamiMHKashyapVSRockmanCet alThe society for vascular surgery clinical practice guidelines on the management of visceral aneurysms. J Vasc Surg. (2020) 72(1S):10. 10.1016/j.jvs.2020.01.039
3.
OlinJWSealoveBA. Diagnosis, management, and future developments of fibromuscular dysplasia. J Vasc Surg. (2011) 53(3):826–36.e1. 10.1016/j.jvs.2010.10.066
4.
Kadian-DodovDGornikHLGuXFroehlichJBacharachJMChiYWet alDissection and aneurysm in patients with fibromuscular dysplasia: findings from the U.S. registry for FMD. J Am Coll Cardiol. (2016) 68(2):176–85. 10.1016/j.jacc.2016.04.044
5.
RoschSRommelK-PBlazekSKresojaK-PSchöberAvon RoederMet alTwenty-four-month blood pressure results after renal denervation using endovascular ultrasound. J Am Heart Assoc. (2023) 12(16):e030767. 10.1161/JAHA.123.030767
6.
AziziMSharpASPFisherNDLWeberMALoboMDDaemenJet alPatient-level pooled analysis of endovascular ultrasound renal denervation or a sham procedure 6 months after medication escalation: the RADIANCE clinical trial program. Circulation. (2024) 149(10):747–59. 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.123.066941
7.
HerrmannSMTextorSC. Renovascular hypertension. Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am. (2019) 48(4):765–78. 10.1016/j.ecl.2019.08.007
8.
NarulaNKadian-DodovDOlinJW. Fibromuscular dysplasia: contemporary concepts and future directions. Prog Cardiovasc Dis. (2018) 60(6):580–5. 10.1016/j.pcad.2018.03.001
9.
van TwistDJLde LeeuwPWKroonAA. Renal artery fibromuscular dysplasia and its effect on the kidney. Hypertens Res. (2018) 41(9):639–48. 10.1038/s41440-018-0063-z
10.
DobrzinskySJVoegeliEGrantHAChristliebARAbramsHLHicklerRB. Spontaneous reestablishment of renal function after complete occlusion of a renal artery. Arch Intern Med. (1971) 128(2):266–8. 10.1001/archinte.1971.00310200102011
11.
SabaLSanfilippoRMontisciRContiMMallariniG. Accessory renal artery stenosis and hypertension: are these correlated? Evaluation using multidetector-row computed tomographic angiography. Acta Radiol. (2008) 49(3):278–84. 10.1080/02841850701777408
12.
KemDCLyonsDFWenzlJHalverstadtDYuX. Renin-dependent hypertension caused by nonfocal stenotic aberrant renal arteries: proof of a new syndrome. Hypertension. (2005) 46(2):380–5. 10.1161/01.HYP.0000171185.25749.5b
13.
CalinoiuAGulutaE-CRusuAMincaAMincaDTomescuLet alAccessory renal arteries - a source of hypertension: a case report. World J Clin Cases. (2023) 11(7):1506–12. 10.12998/wjcc.v11.i7.1506
14.
JohnsonPBCawichSOShahSDAikenWMcGregorRGBrownHet alAccessory renal arteries in a Caribbean population: a computed tomography based study. SpringerPlus. (2013) 2:443. 10.1186/2193-1801-2-443
15.
GulasEWysiadeckiGCecotTMajosAStefanczykLTopolMet alAccessory (multiple) renal arteries - differences in frequency according to population, visualizing techniques and stage of morphological development. Vascular. (2016) 24(5):531–7. 10.1177/1708538116631223
Summary
Keywords
renal artery aneurysm, accessory renal artery, hypertension, embolization, fibromuscular dysplasia
Citation
Wan J, Chen CW, Chen G and Huang B (2024) An accessory renal aneurysm in a patient with absent renal artery: a case report. Front. Cardiovasc. Med. 11:1477604. doi: 10.3389/fcvm.2024.1477604
Received
08 August 2024
Accepted
23 September 2024
Published
07 October 2024
Volume
11 - 2024
Edited by
DeLisa Fairweather, Mayo Clinic Florida, United States
Reviewed by
Andrzej Polanczyk, Main School of Fire Service (SGSP), Poland
Anastasia Desyatova, University of Nebraska Omaha, United States
Updates
Copyright
© 2024 Wan, Chen, Chen and Huang.
This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.
*Correspondence: Bin Huang xgwkhb@126.com
†These authors share first authorship
Disclaimer
All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article or claim that may be made by its manufacturer is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher.