ORIGINAL RESEARCH article
Front. Cardiovasc. Med.
Sec. Cardiovascular Epidemiology and Prevention
Volume 12 - 2025 | doi: 10.3389/fcvm.2025.1572392
This article is part of the Research TopicThe Cardiovascular Continuum Between Hypertension, Diabetes and Cardiovascular DiseaseView all articles
Burden of Hypertensive Heart Disease Attributed to Metabolic Factors from 1990 to 2021 at Global, Regional, and National Levels: An Analysis of the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021
Provisionally accepted
- Nanchang Hongdu Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, China
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Background: Metabolic factors have an increasing impact on hypertensive heart disease (HHD). This study analyzes the global burden trends of HHD from 1990 to 2021, focusing on the contributions of high systolic blood pressure (HSBP) and high body mass index (BMI).This study, based on the 2021 GBD database, analyzes the trends in deaths, disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs), age-standardized mortality rate (ASMR), and age-standardized DALY rate (ASDR) attributable to HSBP and high BMI from 1990 to 2021 at global, regional, and national levels. The estimated annual percentage change (EAPC) is used to assess the temporal dynamics of the disease burden, and the relationship between the disease burden and the sociodemographic index (SDI) is explored Results: In 2021, deaths and DALYs due to HSBP and high BMI significantly increased compared to 1990. However, the ASMR for HSBP-related HHD [EAPC: -0.68; 95% confidence interval (CI): -0.77 to -0.58] and ASDR (EAPC: -0.90; 95% CI: -0.99 to -0.80) showed a decreasing trend, while the ASMR for BMI-related HHD (EAPC: 0.33; 95% CI: 0.27 to 0.39) and ASDR (EAPC: 0.15; 95% CI: 0.10 to 0.21) exhibited an increasing trend. From 1990 to 2021, the regions with the largest increases in ASMR and ASDR for HSBP-related HHD were Eastern Europe and High-income North America, while the largest increases for BMI-related HHD were seen in High-income North America. Moreover, most of the top 10 countries with the largest increases in ASMR and ASDR due to HSBP and BMI were from Eastern Europe. Additionally, in 2021, China had the highest number of deaths and DALYs globally due to HSBP and high BMI-related HHD. At the SDI level, Low SDI regions had the highest ASMR and ASDR for both HSBP and BMI-related HHD in 2021, with a negative correlation to overall SDI. Furthermore, deaths, DALYs, ASMR, and ASDR due to HSBP and BMI in females were generally higher than in males after the ages of 64 and 54, respectively, with the disease burden mainly concentrated in middle-aged and elderly populations.Conclusions: Metabolic factors are key risk factors for HHD, and effective intervention measures should be developed to mitigate the disease burden.
Keywords: Hypertensive heart disease, High systolic blood pressure, High body-mass index, Global Burden of Disease study 2021, deaths, Disability-adjusted life-years
Received: 07 Feb 2025; Accepted: 13 May 2025.
Copyright: © 2025 Peng, Tu, Xie, Zhou, Xiong, Zhuang, Huang and Hu. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) or licensor are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.
* Correspondence: Sui Fa Hu, Nanchang Hongdu Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, China
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