ORIGINAL RESEARCH article
Front. Cardiovasc. Med.
Sec. Cardiovascular Metabolism
Volume 12 - 2025 | doi: 10.3389/fcvm.2025.1600640
This article is part of the Research TopicInflammatory Pathways in Cardiometabolic Diseases: Mechanisms, Biomarkers, and Therapeutic InsightsView all 9 articles
Correlation between Blood Urea Nitrogen/Albumin Levels and 30-Day All-Cause Mortality in Critically Ill Patients with Heart Failure: A Retrospective Cohort Study and Predictive Model Development Based on Machine Learning
Provisionally accepted
- 1Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, Beijing Municipality, China
- 2China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, China
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The aim of this study was to investigate the correlation between blood urea nitrogen-albumin index (BAR) and 30-day and one-year all-cause mortality in patients with heart failure admitted to the intensive care unit (ICU).This is a retrospective cohort study with data from two non-overlapping datasets from the Medical Information Marketplace in Intensive Care (MIMIC), where MIMIC-IV was used for training and MIMIC-III for external validation. Risk ratios (HR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) between the BAR index and all-cause mortality were assessed using Cox proportional risk regression and Kaplan-Meier curves. Restricted cubic spline regression modeling was used to assess potential nonlinear relationships between BAR indices and outcome indicators. Nine machine learning (ML) algorithms were used to build predictive models, and, in addition, the Shapley additive interpretation (SHAP) method was used to determine feature importance.
Keywords: BAR index, Heart Failure, ICU, MIMIC-IV database, 30-day mortality
Received: 26 Mar 2025; Accepted: 18 Aug 2025.
Copyright: © 2025 SUN, Liu, Liu, Wang, Wang, Su, Chang and Li. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) or licensor are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.
* Correspondence:
Pei-Feng Chang, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100029, Beijing Municipality, China
Tian-li Li, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, China
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