MINI REVIEW article
Front. Cardiovasc. Med.
Sec. Heart Failure and Transplantation
Volume 12 - 2025 | doi: 10.3389/fcvm.2025.1676441
This article is part of the Research TopicNew Insights into the Pathogenesis, Diagnosis and Therapy of Chronic Heart Failure in Nonischemic CardiomyopathiesView all 7 articles
Risk Stratification and Survival Prediction in Heart Failure: From Grades to Scores
Provisionally accepted
- 1Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, China
- 2The First Hospital of Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, China
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Heart failure (HF) continues to pose a significant global health burden, necessitating accurate prognostic tools to guide patient management. This mini-review presents grading systems, frailty scales, and scoring models, followed by challenges and future directions. We traces the evolution of stratification and prognostic assessments in HF, beginning with the foundational NYHA functional classification and progressing to the advanced prognostic scores currently in use. We examine the historical significance and clinical relevance of NYHA grades, which have long been pivotal in evaluating HF severity. The review then shifts focus to contemporary prognostic scores, including the Seattle Heart Failure Model (SHFM), the Heart Failure Survival Score (HFSS), and emerging tools leveraging machine learning (ML) and big data. We explore specific challenges encountered in current clinical practice and outline future directions. By highlighting the strengths and limitations of these tools, this mini-review aims to provides a critical appraisal of stratification and scoring models for HF to inform their optimal application in clinical practice, ultimately enhancing patient care and outcomes in HF.
Keywords: Heart Failure, risk stratification, prognosis, Frailty, machine learning
Received: 30 Jul 2025; Accepted: 07 Oct 2025.
Copyright: © 2025 Huang, Zhang, Zeng, Long and Liang. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) or licensor are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.
* Correspondence:
Yun Long, wwlyf@126.com
Hao Liang, lianghao@hnucm.edu.cn
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