ORIGINAL RESEARCH article
Front. Cardiovasc. Med.
Sec. Sex and Gender in Cardiovascular Medicine
Sex differences in Heart Failure Mortality by ejection fraction subtype: a single-center, retrospective cohort study
Provisionally accepted
- 1Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, China
- 2Hainan University, Haikou, China
- 3The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, China
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Background: Heart failure (HF) is a complex clinical syndrome characterized by structural or functional impairments in ventricular filling or ejection, leading to significant morbidity and mortality. This study investigates sex-specific differences in mortality across HF subtypes: heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF), mildly reduced ejection fraction (HFmrEF), and preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF). Methods: A single-center, retrospective cohort study was conducted at the First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, China, from August 16, 2012, to January 1, 2025. Patients diagnosed with HF based on the 2018 Chinese Guidelines for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Heart Failure were included. Data on demographics, clinical parameters, and HF subtypes were extracted. Cox proportional hazards regression models assessed all-cause mortality risk, with Kaplan-Meier analysis for survival curves. Results: Of 12,282 HF patients screened, 6,091 were included (median age: 69 years, IQR: 60-78). Females were older (median age: 72 vs. 67 years, p < 0.001) and had higher left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) (50.47% ± 11.47% vs. 45.61% ± 10.83%, p < 0.001) than males. Hypertension was prevalent in 61.3% of patients. Cox regression identified age as an independent risk factor for all-cause mortality (aHR: 1.04, 95% CI: 1.01-1.06, p = 0.002). In the HFmrEF subgroup, female sex was an independent predictor of mortality (aHR: 4.75, 95% CI: 1.47-15.35, p = 0.009). Age also predicted mortality in HFpEF (aHR: 1.04, 95% CI: 1.00-1.07, p = 0.025). No significant sex-based differences were observed in overall mortality (p = 0.12). Conclusions: Age is a significant independent risk factor for all-cause mortality in HF patients, with female sex emerging as a critical predictor in the HFmrEF subtype. These findings highlight the need for sex-specific risk stratification and tailored management strategies, particularly for females with HFmrEF. Future prospective, multi-center studies are needed to validate these results and explore underlying mechanisms to optimize HF outcomes.
Keywords: Heart Failure, left ventricular ejection fraction, All-cause mortality, sex differences, Cox proportional hazards model
Received: 18 Aug 2025; Accepted: 27 Nov 2025.
Copyright: © 2025 Kapar, Gu, Liang, Hu and Tang. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) or licensor are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.
* Correspondence: Dandan Tang
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