MINI REVIEW article
Front. Cardiovasc. Med.
Sec. Cardiac Rhythmology
Arrhythmogenic Mitral Valve Prolapse and Mitral Annular Disjunction: A Literature Review and Case-Based Perspective
Provisionally accepted
- 1Medicinos fakultetas, Lietuvos sveikatos mokslu universitetas, Kaunas, Lithuania
- 2Kardiologijos klinika, Lietuvos sveikatos mokslu universiteto ligonine Kauno klinikos, Kaunas, Lithuania
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Mitral valve prolapse (MVP) is among the most frequently diagnosed valvular heart diseases, with the majority of patients being asymptomatic. However, MVP may also present with ventricular arrhythmias (VA) or sudden cardiac death (SCD). The arrhythmic form of MVP and the complicated course of this condition are closely associated with mitral annular disjunction (MAD). MAD alters the anatomical integrity of the mitral annulus and is thought to contribute to leaflet degeneration and myocardial fibrosis, creating a substrate for malignant arrhythmias. The most common complications associated with MVP and MAD include progressive mitral valve regurgitation, left ventricular hypertrophy and an increased risk of SCD. Cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) imaging is the most sensitive modality for detecting MAD and myocardial fibrosis and is thus essential for early diagnosis and risk stratification. This review aims to enhance recognition of MAD, summarize current diagnostic and risk assessment strategies, and provide clinical context through two cases of patients with arrhythmic MVP and MAD.
Keywords: Mitral Valve Prolapse, Mitral annular disjunction, Ventricular arrhythmias, Echocardiography, cardiac magnetic resonance
Received: 03 Sep 2025; Accepted: 31 Oct 2025.
Copyright: © 2025 Markevičiūtė, Kmitaitė, Vaitiekienė and Rinkūnienė. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) or licensor are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.
* Correspondence: Austė Markevičiūtė, austmark0125@kmu.lt
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