ORIGINAL RESEARCH article
Front. Dent. Med.
Sec. Dental Materials
Volume 6 - 2025 | doi: 10.3389/fdmed.2025.1634533
This article is part of the Research TopicDental Biomaterials: Addressing Modern Challenges and Shaping Future ProceduresView all 4 articles
Evaluating the physical-mechanical properties of flowable fiber-reinforced and bulk-fill Giomer composites: A comparative study of advanced technologies
Provisionally accepted
Alyssa Obeid1
Arnaldo Lopez1
Auanna Candido1Leticia Forcin1
Nair Cristina Margarido Brondino1
Rafael Francisco Lia Mondelli1
Abdulaziz Alhotan2
Nick Silikas3*
Marilia Velo4- 1Universidade de Sao Paulo Campus de Bauru, Bauru, Brazil
- 2King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- 3The University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
- 4Universidade Cidade de Sao Paulo, So Paulo, Brazil
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The mechanical performance and polymerization shrinkage stress of resin composites play a critical role in maintaining marginal integrity over time. This in vitro study compared the properties of fiberreinforced flowable resin (FRC) and S-PRG bulk-fill flowable resin composites. Three materials were tested: EVER X (FRC), S-PRG (Giomer tecnology), and SDR (conventional bulk-fill). Analyzed variables included surface hardness (SH), depth of cure, flexural strength (FS), modulus of elasticity (E), polymerization shrinkage stress, and degree of conversion (DC). Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was employed to assess composite morphology. Samples were prepared for SH, depth of cure, and DC measurements. A three-point bending test evaluated FS and E, while shrinkage stress was measured between parallel steel plates. A strong positive correlation was found between FS and E. S-PRG exhibited the highest shrinkage stress, followed by EVER X and SDR. SEM images of fractured EVER X samples showed fiber-pulling effects, indicating internal reinforcement. EVER X demonstrated superior mechanical properties-including high flexural strength, surface hardness, degree of conversion, and elastic modulus-making it a promising option for load-bearing restorations. S-PRG, with its excellent depth of cure, may be more suitable for situations requiring deeper light penetration.
Keywords: bulk-fill1, fiber-reinforced composites2, giomer technology3, mechanical properties4, shrinkage stress5
Received: 24 May 2025; Accepted: 19 Sep 2025.
Copyright: © 2025 Obeid, Lopez, Candido, Forcin, Cristina Margarido Brondino, Mondelli, Alhotan, Silikas and Velo. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) or licensor are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.
* Correspondence: Nick Silikas, nikolaos.silikas@manchester.ac.uk
Disclaimer: All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article or claim that may be made by its manufacturer is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher.