ORIGINAL RESEARCH article
Front. Environ. Archaeol.
Sec. Archeobotany
Volume 4 - 2025 | doi: 10.3389/fearc.2025.1631639
This article is part of the Research TopicFrom 2D to 3D in Archaeobotanical and Geoarchaeological ResearchView all articles
Multidimensional analysis of Indigenous Bread from the Brazilian Amazon
Provisionally accepted- 1Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- 2Archaeology Research Group, Instituto de Desenvolvimento Sustentável Mamirauá, Tefé, Brazil
- 3National Foundation for Indigenous People, rondonia, Brazil
- 4Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
- 5Nucleus for Indigenous Amazon Studies, Federal University of Amazonas, Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil
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The Indigenous bread of the Amazon is an ancient food technology, with records dating back at least to 1200 AD. This food technology survived the colonial period and was continuously produced by Amazonian Indigenous people until the 20th century. Accounts of these breads can be found in chronicles, travelers' records, and the oral traditions passed down by forest peoples. Previous studies rejected the oral history of different indigenous peoples and classified bread as a new species of fungus with a large mycelium. Recent research has reshaped this perspective by identifying a diversity of ingredients and production processes. These new insights reveal different recipes incorporating corn, chili pepper, palm fruits, mairá potato, and other tubers, while highlighting techniques such as fermentation and smoking. This study characterizes indigenous bread using a geo and microarchaeological approach including analytical imaging methods (petrography, stereoscopic mosaic and micro-computed tomography – micro-CT), which were combined with Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). Multidimensional analyses identified two distinct bread microstructures: massive and spongy. Additionally, specific manufacturing characteristics were detailed, such as wrapping the bread in organic matter (e.g. leaves), for the massive bread, and in clay, for the spongy bread. Smoking was also used to create a hardened crust on the surface while preserving a soft interior. Analyses also revealed that massive bread contains clay, and clay consumption has been widely described in travelers' accounts and oral traditions in the Amazon. This study contributes to the efforts of archaeobotanical research in understanding the ancient food technology of Amazonian people.
Keywords: Amazonian Archaeology- Bread production – Foodways– Ancient technology –Forest food - Micro-CT- Petrography - FTIR, Amazonian archaeology, Foodways, Ancient technology, Forest food, micro-CT
Received: 20 May 2025; Accepted: 06 Oct 2025.
Copyright: © 2025 Brandão, Furquim, Cangussu, Strauss, dos Santos, Neves and Villagran. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) or licensor are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.
* Correspondence: Kelly Brandão, kelly.brandao.silva@usp.br
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